add mpack 1.0protocol-modeling-netsys

1 files changed, 7172 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/include/lib/mpack/mpack.h b/include/lib/mpack/mpack.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77a4141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/lib/mpack/mpack.h
@@ -0,0 +1,7172 @@
+/**
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ * 
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2018 Nicholas Fraser
+ * 
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ * 
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This is the MPack 1.0 amalgamation package.
+ *
+ * http://github.com/ludocode/mpack
+ */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_H
+#define MPACK_H 1
+
+#define MPACK_AMALGAMATED 1
+#define MPACK_RELEASE_VERSION 1
+
+#if defined(MPACK_HAS_CONFIG) && MPACK_HAS_CONFIG
+#include "mpack-config.h"
+#endif
+
+
+/* mpack/mpack-defaults.h.h */
+
+
+/**
+ * @name Features
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_READER
+ *
+ * Enables compilation of the base Tag Reader.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_READER
+#define MPACK_READER 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_EXPECT
+ *
+ * Enables compilation of the static Expect API.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_EXPECT
+#define MPACK_EXPECT 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_NODE
+ *
+ * Enables compilation of the dynamic Node API.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_NODE
+#define MPACK_NODE 0
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_WRITER
+ *
+ * Enables compilation of the Writer.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_WRITER
+#define MPACK_WRITER 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_COMPATIBILITY
+ *
+ * Enables compatibility features for reading and writing older
+ * versions of MessagePack.
+ *
+ * This is disabled by default. When disabled, the behaviour is equivalent to
+ * using the default version, @ref mpack_version_current.
+ *
+ * Enable this if you need to interoperate with applications or data that do
+ * not support the new (v5) MessagePack spec. See the section on v4
+ * compatibility in @ref docs/protocol.md for more information.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_COMPATIBILITY
+#define MPACK_COMPATIBILITY 0
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+ *
+ * Enables the use of extension types.
+ *
+ * This is disabled by default. Define it to 1 to enable it. If disabled,
+ * functions to read and write extensions will not exist, and any occurrence of
+ * extension types in parsed messages will flag @ref mpack_error_invalid.
+ *
+ * MPack discourages the use of extension types. See the section on extension
+ * types in @ref docs/protocol.md for more information.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+#define MPACK_EXTENSIONS 0
+#endif
+
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+
+/**
+ * @name Dependencies
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_HAS_CONFIG
+ *
+ * Enables the use of an @c mpack-config.h configuration file for MPack.
+ * This file must be in the same folder as @c mpack.h, or it must be
+ * available from your project's include paths.
+ */
+// This goes in your project settings.
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_STDLIB
+ *
+ * Enables the use of C stdlib. This allows the library to use malloc
+ * for debugging and in allocation helpers.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_STDLIB
+#if defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_msp430fr5969lp) || defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_msp430fr5994lp) || \
+    defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_arduino_nano) || defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_blinkenrocket) || \
+    defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_esp8266)
+#define MPACK_STDLIB 0
+#else
+#define MPACK_STDLIB 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_STDIO
+ *
+ * Enables the use of C stdio. This adds helpers for easily
+ * reading/writing C files and makes debugging easier.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_STDIO
+#if defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_msp430fr5969lp) || defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_msp430fr5994lp) || \
+    defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_arduino_nano) || defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_blinkenrocket) || \
+    defined(MULTIPASS_ARCH_esp8266)
+#define MPACK_STDIO 0
+#else
+#define MPACK_STDIO 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+
+/**
+ * @name System Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_MALLOC
+ *
+ * Defines the memory allocation function used by MPack. This is used by
+ * helpers for automatically allocating data the correct size, and for
+ * debugging functions. If this macro is undefined, the allocation helpers
+ * will not be compiled.
+ *
+ * The default is @c malloc() if @ref MPACK_STDLIB is enabled.
+ */
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_FREE
+ *
+ * Defines the memory free function used by MPack. This is used by helpers
+ * for automatically allocating data the correct size. If this macro is
+ * undefined, the allocation helpers will not be compiled.
+ *
+ * The default is @c free() if @ref MPACK_MALLOC has not been customized and
+ * @ref MPACK_STDLIB is enabled.
+ */
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_REALLOC
+ *
+ * Defines the realloc function used by MPack. It is used by growable
+ * buffers to resize more efficiently.
+ *
+ * The default is @c realloc() if @ref MPACK_MALLOC has not been customized and
+ * @ref MPACK_STDLIB is enabled.
+ *
+ * This is optional, even when @ref MPACK_MALLOC is used. If @ref MPACK_MALLOC is
+ * set and @ref MPACK_REALLOC is not, @ref MPACK_MALLOC is used with a simple copy
+ * to grow buffers.
+ */
+#if defined(MPACK_STDLIB) && MPACK_STDLIB && !defined(MPACK_MALLOC)
+#define MPACK_MALLOC malloc
+#define MPACK_REALLOC realloc
+#define MPACK_FREE free
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+
+/**
+ * @name Debugging Options
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_DEBUG
+ *
+ * Enables debug features. You may want to wrap this around your
+ * own debug preprocs. By default, this is enabled if @c DEBUG or @c _DEBUG
+ * are defined. (@c NDEBUG is not used since it is allowed to have
+ * different values in different translation units.)
+ */
+#if !defined(MPACK_DEBUG) && (defined(DEBUG) || defined(_DEBUG))
+#define MPACK_DEBUG 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_STRINGS
+ *
+ * Enables descriptive error and type strings.
+ *
+ * This can be turned off (by defining it to 0) to maximize space savings
+ * on embedded devices. If this is disabled, string functions such as
+ * mpack_error_to_string() and mpack_type_to_string() return an empty string.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_STRINGS
+#define MPACK_STRINGS 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Set this to 1 to implement a custom @ref mpack_assert_fail() function.
+ * See the documentation on @ref mpack_assert_fail() for details.
+ *
+ * Asserts are only used when @ref MPACK_DEBUG is enabled, and can be
+ * triggered by bugs in MPack or bugs due to incorrect usage of MPack.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_CUSTOM_ASSERT
+#define MPACK_CUSTOM_ASSERT 0
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_READ_TRACKING
+ *
+ * Enables compound type size tracking for readers. This ensures that the
+ * correct number of elements or bytes are read from a compound type.
+ *
+ * This is enabled by default in debug builds (provided a @c malloc() is
+ * available.)
+ */
+#if !defined(MPACK_READ_TRACKING) && \
+        defined(MPACK_DEBUG) && MPACK_DEBUG && \
+        defined(MPACK_READER) && MPACK_READER && \
+        defined(MPACK_MALLOC)
+#define MPACK_READ_TRACKING 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING
+ *
+ * Enables compound type size tracking for writers. This ensures that the
+ * correct number of elements or bytes are written in a compound type.
+ *
+ * Note that without write tracking enabled, it is possible for buggy code
+ * to emit invalid MessagePack without flagging an error by writing the wrong
+ * number of elements or bytes in a compound type. With tracking enabled,
+ * MPack will catch such errors and break on the offending line of code.
+ *
+ * This is enabled by default in debug builds (provided a @c malloc() is
+ * available.)
+ */
+#if !defined(MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING) && \
+        defined(MPACK_DEBUG) && MPACK_DEBUG && \
+        defined(MPACK_WRITER) && MPACK_WRITER && \
+        defined(MPACK_MALLOC)
+#define MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+
+/**
+ * @name Miscellaneous Options
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Whether to optimize for size or speed.
+ *
+ * Optimizing for size simplifies some parsing and encoding algorithms
+ * at the expense of speed, and saves a few kilobytes of space in the
+ * resulting executable.
+ *
+ * This automatically detects -Os with GCC/Clang. Unfortunately there
+ * doesn't seem to be a macro defined for /Os under MSVC.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE
+#ifdef __OPTIMIZE_SIZE__
+#define MPACK_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE 1
+#else
+#define MPACK_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Stack space in bytes to use when initializing a reader or writer
+ * with a stack-allocated buffer.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_STACK_SIZE
+#define MPACK_STACK_SIZE 4096
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Buffer size to use for allocated buffers (such as for a file writer.)
+ *
+ * Starting with a single page and growing as needed seems to
+ * provide the best performance with minimal memory waste.
+ * Increasing this does not improve performance even when writing
+ * huge messages.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_BUFFER_SIZE
+#define MPACK_BUFFER_SIZE 4096
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Minimum size of an allocated node page in bytes.
+ *
+ * The children for a given compound element must be contiguous, so
+ * larger pages than this may be allocated as needed. (Safety checks
+ * exist to prevent malicious data from causing too large allocations.)
+ *
+ * See @ref mpack_node_data_t for the size of nodes.
+ *
+ * Using as many nodes fit in one memory page seems to provide the
+ * best performance, and has very little waste when parsing small
+ * messages.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_NODE_PAGE_SIZE
+#define MPACK_NODE_PAGE_SIZE 4096
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * The initial depth for the node parser. When MPACK_MALLOC is available,
+ * the node parser has no practical depth limit, and it is not recursive
+ * so there is no risk of overflowing the call stack.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_NODE_INITIAL_DEPTH
+#define MPACK_NODE_INITIAL_DEPTH 8
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * The maximum depth for the node parser if @ref MPACK_MALLOC is not available.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_NODE_MAX_DEPTH_WITHOUT_MALLOC
+#define MPACK_NODE_MAX_DEPTH_WITHOUT_MALLOC 32
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+
+/* mpack/mpack-platform.h.h */
+
+/**
+ * @file
+ *
+ * Abstracts all platform-specific code from MPack. This contains
+ * implementations of standard C functions when libc is not available,
+ * as well as wrappers to library functions.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_PLATFORM_H
+#define MPACK_PLATFORM_H 1
+
+
+
+/* Pre-include checks */
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1800 && !defined(__cplusplus)
+#error "In Visual Studio 2012 and earlier, MPack must be compiled as C++. Enable the /Tp compiler flag."
+#endif
+
+#if defined(WIN32) && defined(MPACK_INTERNAL) && MPACK_INTERNAL
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* Doxygen preprocs */
+#if defined(MPACK_DOXYGEN) && MPACK_DOXYGEN
+#define MPACK_HAS_CONFIG 0
+// We give these their default values of 0 here even though they are defined to
+// 1 in the doxyfile. Doxygen will show this as the value in the docs, even
+// though it ignores it when parsing the rest of the source. This is what we
+// want, since we want the documentation to show these defaults but still
+// generate documentation for the functions they add when they're on.
+#define MPACK_COMPATIBILITY 0
+#define MPACK_EXTENSIONS 0
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* Include the custom config file if enabled */
+
+#if defined(MPACK_HAS_CONFIG) && MPACK_HAS_CONFIG
+/* #include "mpack-config.h" */
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Now that the optional config is included, we define the defaults
+ * for any of the configuration options and other switches that aren't
+ * yet defined.
+ */
+#if defined(MPACK_DOXYGEN) && MPACK_DOXYGEN
+/* #include "mpack-defaults-doxygen.h" */
+#else
+/* #include "mpack-defaults.h" */
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * All remaining configuration options that have not yet been set must
+ * be defined here in order to support -Wundef.
+ */
+#ifndef MPACK_DEBUG
+#define MPACK_DEBUG 0
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_CUSTOM_BREAK
+#define MPACK_CUSTOM_BREAK 0
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_READ_TRACKING
+#define MPACK_READ_TRACKING 0
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING
+#define MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING 0
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_EMIT_INLINE_DEFS
+#define MPACK_EMIT_INLINE_DEFS 0
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_AMALGAMATED
+#define MPACK_AMALGAMATED 0
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_RELEASE_VERSION
+#define MPACK_RELEASE_VERSION 0
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_INTERNAL
+#define MPACK_INTERNAL 0
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_NO_BUILTINS
+#define MPACK_NO_BUILTINS 0
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* System headers (based on configuration) */
+
+#ifndef __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
+#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS 1
+#endif
+#ifndef __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
+#define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS 1
+#endif
+#ifndef __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS
+#define __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS 1
+#endif
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#if MPACK_STDLIB
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#endif
+
+#if MPACK_STDIO
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Header configuration
+ */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+    #define MPACK_EXTERN_C_START extern "C" {
+    #define MPACK_EXTERN_C_END   }
+#else
+    #define MPACK_EXTERN_C_START /* nothing */
+    #define MPACK_EXTERN_C_END   /* nothing */
+#endif
+
+/* GCC versions from 4.6 to before 5.1 warn about defining a C99
+ * non-static inline function before declaring it (see issue #20) */
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+    #if (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6)
+        #ifdef __cplusplus
+            #define MPACK_DECLARED_INLINE_WARNING_START \
+                _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \
+                _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wmissing-declarations\"")
+        #else
+            #define MPACK_DECLARED_INLINE_WARNING_START \
+                _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \
+                _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wmissing-prototypes\"")
+        #endif
+        #define MPACK_DECLARED_INLINE_WARNING_END \
+            _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic pop")
+    #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_DECLARED_INLINE_WARNING_START
+    #define MPACK_DECLARED_INLINE_WARNING_START /* nothing */
+    #define MPACK_DECLARED_INLINE_WARNING_END /* nothing */
+#endif
+
+/* GCC versions before 4.8 warn about shadowing a function with a
+ * variable that isn't a function or function pointer (like "index") */
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+    #if (__GNUC__ < 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 8)
+        #define MPACK_WSHADOW_WARNING_START \
+            _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \
+            _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wshadow\"")
+        #define MPACK_WSHADOW_WARNING_END \
+            _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic pop")
+    #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_WSHADOW_WARNING_START
+    #define MPACK_WSHADOW_WARNING_START /* nothing */
+    #define MPACK_WSHADOW_WARNING_END /* nothing */
+#endif
+
+#define MPACK_HEADER_START \
+    MPACK_EXTERN_C_START \
+    MPACK_WSHADOW_WARNING_START \
+    MPACK_DECLARED_INLINE_WARNING_START
+
+#define MPACK_HEADER_END \
+    MPACK_DECLARED_INLINE_WARNING_END \
+    MPACK_WSHADOW_WARNING_END \
+    MPACK_EXTERN_C_END
+
+MPACK_HEADER_START
+
+
+
+/* Miscellaneous helper macros */
+
+#define MPACK_UNUSED(var) ((void)(var))
+
+#define MPACK_STRINGIFY_IMPL(arg) #arg
+#define MPACK_STRINGIFY(arg) MPACK_STRINGIFY_IMPL(arg)
+
+// This is a workaround for MSVC's incorrect expansion of __VA_ARGS__. It
+// treats __VA_ARGS__ as a single preprocessor token when passed in the
+// argument list of another macro unless we use an outer wrapper to expand it
+// lexically first. (For safety/consistency we use this in all variadic macros
+// that don't ignore the variadic arguments regardless of whether __VA_ARGS__
+// is passed to another macro.)
+//     https://stackoverflow.com/a/32400131
+#define MPACK_EXPAND(x) x
+
+// Extracts the first argument of a variadic macro list, where there might only
+// be one argument.
+#define MPACK_EXTRACT_ARG0_IMPL(first, ...) first
+#define MPACK_EXTRACT_ARG0(...) MPACK_EXPAND(MPACK_EXTRACT_ARG0_IMPL( __VA_ARGS__ , ignored))
+
+// Stringifies the first argument of a variadic macro list, where there might
+// only be one argument.
+#define MPACK_STRINGIFY_ARG0_impl(first, ...) #first
+#define MPACK_STRINGIFY_ARG0(...) MPACK_EXPAND(MPACK_STRINGIFY_ARG0_impl( __VA_ARGS__ , ignored))
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Definition of inline macros.
+ *
+ * MPack does not use static inline in header files; only one non-inline definition
+ * of each function should exist in the final build. This can reduce the binary size
+ * in cases where the compiler cannot or chooses not to inline a function.
+ * The addresses of functions should also compare equal across translation units
+ * regardless of whether they are declared inline.
+ *
+ * The above requirements mean that the declaration and definition of non-trivial
+ * inline functions must be separated so that the definitions will only
+ * appear when necessary. In addition, three different linkage models need
+ * to be supported:
+ *
+ *  - The C99 model, where a standalone function is emitted only if there is any
+ *    `extern inline` or non-`inline` declaration (including the definition itself)
+ *
+ *  - The GNU model, where an `inline` definition emits a standalone function and an
+ *    `extern inline` definition does not, regardless of other declarations
+ *
+ *  - The C++ model, where `inline` emits a standalone function with special
+ *    (COMDAT) linkage
+ *
+ * The macros below wrap up everything above. All inline functions defined in header
+ * files have a single non-inline definition emitted in the compilation of
+ * mpack-platform.c. All inline declarations and definitions use the same MPACK_INLINE
+ * specification to simplify the rules on when standalone functions are emitted.
+ * Inline functions in source files are defined MPACK_STATIC_INLINE.
+ *
+ * Additional reading:
+ *     http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/tech/inline.html
+ */
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+    // C++ rules
+    // The linker will need COMDAT support to link C++ object files,
+    // so we don't need to worry about emitting definitions from C++
+    // translation units. If mpack-platform.c (or the amalgamation)
+    // is compiled as C, its definition will be used, otherwise a
+    // C++ definition will be used, and no other C files will emit
+    // a defition.
+    #define MPACK_INLINE inline
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+    // MSVC 2013 always uses COMDAT linkage, but it doesn't treat 'inline' as a
+    // keyword in C99 mode. (This appears to be fixed in a later version of
+    // MSVC but we don't bother detecting it.)
+    #define MPACK_INLINE __inline
+    #define MPACK_STATIC_INLINE static __inline
+
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__GNUC_GNU_INLINE__) || \
+        !defined(__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__) && !defined(__GNUC_GNU_INLINE__))
+    // GNU rules
+    #if MPACK_EMIT_INLINE_DEFS
+        #define MPACK_INLINE inline
+    #else
+        #define MPACK_INLINE extern inline
+    #endif
+
+#else
+    // C99 rules
+    #if MPACK_EMIT_INLINE_DEFS
+        #define MPACK_INLINE extern inline
+    #else
+        #define MPACK_INLINE inline
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MPACK_STATIC_INLINE
+#define MPACK_STATIC_INLINE static inline
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MPACK_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SPEED
+    #error "You should define MPACK_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE, not MPACK_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SPEED."
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Prevent inlining
+ *
+ * When a function is only used once, it is almost always inlined
+ * automatically. This can cause poor instruction cache usage because a
+ * function that should rarely be called (such as buffer exhaustion handling)
+ * will get inlined into the middle of a hot code path.
+ */
+
+#if !MPACK_NO_BUILTINS
+    #if defined(_MSC_VER)
+        #define MPACK_NOINLINE __declspec(noinline)
+    #elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+        #define MPACK_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline))
+    #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_NOINLINE
+    #define MPACK_NOINLINE /* nothing */
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* Some compiler-specific keywords and builtins */
+
+#if !MPACK_NO_BUILTINS
+    #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+        #define MPACK_UNREACHABLE __builtin_unreachable()
+        #define MPACK_NORETURN(fn) fn __attribute__((noreturn))
+        #define MPACK_RESTRICT __restrict__
+    #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+        #define MPACK_UNREACHABLE __assume(0)
+        #define MPACK_NORETURN(fn) __declspec(noreturn) fn
+        #define MPACK_RESTRICT __restrict
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MPACK_RESTRICT
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#define MPACK_RESTRICT /* nothing, unavailable in C++ */
+#else
+#define MPACK_RESTRICT restrict /* required in C99 */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MPACK_UNREACHABLE
+#define MPACK_UNREACHABLE ((void)0)
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_NORETURN
+#define MPACK_NORETURN(fn) fn
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Likely/unlikely
+ *
+ * These should only really be used when a branch is taken (or not taken) less
+ * than 1/1000th of the time. Buffer flush checks when writing very small
+ * elements are a good example.
+ */
+
+#if !MPACK_NO_BUILTINS
+    #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+        #ifndef MPACK_LIKELY
+            #define MPACK_LIKELY(x) __builtin_expect((x),1)
+        #endif
+        #ifndef MPACK_UNLIKELY
+            #define MPACK_UNLIKELY(x) __builtin_expect((x),0)
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MPACK_LIKELY
+    #define MPACK_LIKELY(x) (x)
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_UNLIKELY
+    #define MPACK_UNLIKELY(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* Static assert */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT
+    #if defined(__cplusplus)
+        #if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+            #define MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT static_assert
+        #endif
+    #elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__)
+        #if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L
+            #define MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT _Static_assert
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#if !MPACK_NO_BUILTINS
+    #ifndef MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT
+        #if defined(__has_feature)
+            #if __has_feature(cxx_static_assert)
+                #define MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT static_assert
+            #elif __has_feature(c_static_assert)
+                #define MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT _Static_assert
+            #endif
+        #endif
+    #endif
+
+    #ifndef MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT
+        #if defined(__GNUC__)
+            #if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6)
+                #ifndef __cplusplus
+                    #if __GNUC__ >= 5
+                    #define MPACK_IGNORE_PEDANTIC "GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wpedantic\""
+                    #else
+                    #define MPACK_IGNORE_PEDANTIC "GCC diagnostic ignored \"-pedantic\""
+                    #endif
+                    #define MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, str) do { \
+                        _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \
+                        _Pragma (MPACK_IGNORE_PEDANTIC) \
+                        _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wc++-compat\"") \
+                        _Static_assert(expr, str); \
+                        _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic pop") \
+                    } while (0)
+                #endif
+            #endif
+        #endif
+    #endif
+
+    #ifndef MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT
+        #ifdef _MSC_VER
+            #if _MSC_VER >= 1600
+                #define MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT static_assert
+            #endif
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT
+    #define MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT(expr, str) (MPACK_UNUSED(sizeof(char[1 - 2*!(expr)])))
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* _Generic */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_HAS_GENERIC
+    #if defined(__clang__) && defined(__has_feature)
+        // With Clang we can test for _Generic support directly
+        // and ignore C/C++ version
+        #if __has_feature(c_generic_selections)
+            #define MPACK_HAS_GENERIC 1
+        #else
+            #define MPACK_HAS_GENERIC 0
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MPACK_HAS_GENERIC
+    #if defined(__STDC_VERSION__)
+        #if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L
+            #if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+                // GCC does not have full C11 support in GCC 4.7 and 4.8
+                #if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 9)
+                    #define MPACK_HAS_GENERIC 1
+                #endif
+            #else
+                // We hope other compilers aren't lying about C11/_Generic support
+                #define MPACK_HAS_GENERIC 1
+            #endif
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MPACK_HAS_GENERIC
+    #define MPACK_HAS_GENERIC 0
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Finite Math
+ *
+ * -ffinite-math-only, included in -ffast-math, breaks functions that
+ * that check for non-finite real values such as isnan() and isinf().
+ *
+ * We should use this to trap errors when reading data that contains
+ * non-finite reals. This isn't currently implemented.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_FINITE_MATH
+#if defined(__FINITE_MATH_ONLY__) && __FINITE_MATH_ONLY__
+#define MPACK_FINITE_MATH 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MPACK_FINITE_MATH
+#define MPACK_FINITE_MATH 0
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Endianness checks
+ *
+ * These define MPACK_NHSWAP*() which swap network<->host byte
+ * order when needed.
+ *
+ * We leave them undefined if we can't determine the endianness
+ * at compile-time, in which case we fall back to bit-shifts.
+ *
+ * See the notes in mpack-common.h.
+ */
+
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && defined(__ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__) && defined(__ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)
+    #if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
+        #define MPACK_NHSWAP16(x) (x)
+        #define MPACK_NHSWAP32(x) (x)
+        #define MPACK_NHSWAP64(x) (x)
+    #elif __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+
+        #if !MPACK_NO_BUILTINS
+            #if defined(__clang__)
+                #ifdef __has_builtin
+                    // Unlike the GCC builtins, the bswap builtins in Clang
+                    // significantly improve ARM performance.
+                    #if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap16)
+                        #define MPACK_NHSWAP16(x) __builtin_bswap16(x)
+                    #endif
+                    #if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap32)
+                        #define MPACK_NHSWAP32(x) __builtin_bswap32(x)
+                    #endif
+                    #if __has_builtin(__builtin_bswap64)
+                        #define MPACK_NHSWAP64(x) __builtin_bswap64(x)
+                    #endif
+                #endif
+
+            #elif defined(__GNUC__)
+
+                // The GCC bswap builtins are apparently poorly optimized on older
+                // versions of GCC, so we set a minimum version here just in case.
+                //     http://hardwarebug.org/2010/01/14/beware-the-builtins/
+
+                #if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 5)
+                    #define MPACK_NHSWAP64(x) __builtin_bswap64(x)
+                #endif
+
+                // __builtin_bswap16() was not implemented on all platforms
+                // until GCC 4.8.0:
+                //     https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=52624
+                //
+                // The 16- and 32-bit versions in GCC significantly reduce performance
+                // on ARM with little effect on code size so we don't use them.
+
+            #endif
+        #endif
+    #endif
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_WIN32) && !MPACK_NO_BUILTINS
+
+    // On Windows, we assume x86 and x86_64 are always little-endian.
+    // We make no assumptions about ARM even though all current
+    // Windows Phone devices are little-endian in case Microsoft's
+    // compiler is ever used with a big-endian ARM device.
+
+    #if defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_AMD64)
+        #define MPACK_NHSWAP16(x) _byteswap_ushort(x)
+        #define MPACK_NHSWAP32(x) _byteswap_ulong(x)
+        #define MPACK_NHSWAP64(x) _byteswap_uint64(x)
+    #endif
+
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__FLOAT_WORD_ORDER__) && defined(__BYTE_ORDER__)
+
+    // We check where possible that the float byte order matches the
+    // integer byte order. This is extremely unlikely to fail, but
+    // we check anyway just in case.
+    //
+    // (The static assert is placed in float/double encoders instead
+    // of here because our static assert fallback doesn't work at
+    // file scope)
+
+    #define MPACK_CHECK_FLOAT_ORDER() \
+        MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT(__FLOAT_WORD_ORDER__ == __BYTE_ORDER__, \
+            "float byte order does not match int byte order! float/double " \
+            "encoding is not properly implemented on this platform.")
+
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MPACK_CHECK_FLOAT_ORDER
+    #define MPACK_CHECK_FLOAT_ORDER() /* nothing */
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * Here we define mpack_assert() and mpack_break(). They both work like a normal
+ * assertion function in debug mode, causing a trap or abort. However, on some platforms
+ * you can safely resume execution from mpack_break(), whereas mpack_assert() is
+ * always fatal.
+ *
+ * In release mode, mpack_assert() is converted to an assurance to the compiler
+ * that the expression cannot be false (via e.g. __assume() or __builtin_unreachable())
+ * to improve optimization where supported. There is thus no point in "safely" handling
+ * the case of this being false. Writing mpack_assert(0) rarely makes sense (except
+ * possibly as a default handler in a switch) since the compiler will throw away any
+ * code after it. If at any time an mpack_assert() is not true, the behaviour is
+ * undefined. This also means the expression is evaluated even in release.
+ *
+ * mpack_break() on the other hand is compiled to nothing in release. It is
+ * used in situations where we want to highlight a programming error as early as
+ * possible (in the debugger), but we still handle the situation safely if it
+ * happens in release to avoid producing incorrect results (such as in
+ * MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING.) It does not take an expression to test because it
+ * belongs in a safe-handling block after its failing condition has been tested.
+ *
+ * If stdio is available, we can add a format string describing the error, and
+ * on some compilers we can declare it noreturn to get correct results from static
+ * analysis tools. Note that the format string and arguments are not evaluated unless
+ * the assertion is hit.
+ *
+ * Note that any arguments to mpack_assert() beyond the first are only evaluated
+ * if the expression is false (and are never evaluated in release.)
+ *
+ * mpack_assert_fail() and mpack_break_hit() are defined separately
+ * because assert is noreturn and break isn't. This distinction is very
+ * important for static analysis tools to give correct results.
+ */
+
+#if MPACK_DEBUG
+
+    /**
+     * @addtogroup config
+     * @{
+     */
+    /**
+     * @name Debug Functions
+     */
+    /**
+     * Implement this and define @ref MPACK_CUSTOM_ASSERT to use a custom
+     * assertion function.
+     *
+     * This function should not return. If it does, MPack will @c abort().
+     *
+     * If you use C++, make sure you include @c mpack.h where you define
+     * this to get the correct linkage (or define it <code>extern "C"</code>.)
+     *
+     * Asserts are only used when @ref MPACK_DEBUG is enabled, and can be
+     * triggered by bugs in MPack or bugs due to incorrect usage of MPack.
+     */
+    void mpack_assert_fail(const char* message);
+    /**
+     * @}
+     */
+    /**
+     * @}
+     */
+
+    MPACK_NORETURN(void mpack_assert_fail_wrapper(const char* message));
+    #if MPACK_STDIO
+        MPACK_NORETURN(void mpack_assert_fail_format(const char* format, ...));
+        #define mpack_assert_fail_at(line, file, exprstr, format, ...) \
+                MPACK_EXPAND(mpack_assert_fail_format("mpack assertion failed at " file ":" #line "\n%s\n" format, exprstr, __VA_ARGS__))
+    #else
+        #define mpack_assert_fail_at(line, file, exprstr, format, ...) \
+                mpack_assert_fail_wrapper("mpack assertion failed at " file ":" #line "\n" exprstr "\n")
+    #endif
+
+    #define mpack_assert_fail_pos(line, file, exprstr, expr, ...) \
+            MPACK_EXPAND(mpack_assert_fail_at(line, file, exprstr, __VA_ARGS__))
+
+    // This contains a workaround to the pedantic C99 requirement of having at
+    // least one argument to a variadic macro. The first argument is the
+    // boolean expression, the optional second argument (if provided) must be a
+    // literal format string, and any additional arguments are the format
+    // argument list.
+    //
+    // Unfortunately this means macros are expanded in the expression before it
+    // gets stringified. I haven't found a workaround to this.
+    //
+    // This adds two unused arguments to the format argument list when a
+    // format string is provided, so this would complicate the use of
+    // -Wformat and __attribute__((format)) on mpack_assert_fail_format() if we
+    // ever bothered to implement it.
+    #define mpack_assert(...) \
+            MPACK_EXPAND(((!(MPACK_EXTRACT_ARG0(__VA_ARGS__))) ? \
+                mpack_assert_fail_pos(__LINE__, __FILE__, MPACK_STRINGIFY_ARG0(__VA_ARGS__) , __VA_ARGS__ , "", NULL) : \
+                (void)0))
+
+    void mpack_break_hit(const char* message);
+    #if MPACK_STDIO
+        void mpack_break_hit_format(const char* format, ...);
+        #define mpack_break_hit_at(line, file, ...) \
+                MPACK_EXPAND(mpack_break_hit_format("mpack breakpoint hit at " file ":" #line "\n" __VA_ARGS__))
+    #else
+        #define mpack_break_hit_at(line, file, ...) \
+                mpack_break_hit("mpack breakpoint hit at " file ":" #line )
+    #endif
+    #define mpack_break_hit_pos(line, file, ...) MPACK_EXPAND(mpack_break_hit_at(line, file, __VA_ARGS__))
+    #define mpack_break(...) MPACK_EXPAND(mpack_break_hit_pos(__LINE__, __FILE__, __VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+    #define mpack_assert(...) \
+            (MPACK_EXPAND((!(MPACK_EXTRACT_ARG0(__VA_ARGS__))) ? \
+                (MPACK_UNREACHABLE, (void)0) : \
+                (void)0))
+    #define mpack_break(...) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* Wrap some needed libc functions */
+
+#if MPACK_STDLIB
+    #define mpack_memcmp memcmp
+    #define mpack_memcpy memcpy
+    #define mpack_memmove memmove
+    #define mpack_memset memset
+    #ifndef mpack_strlen
+        #define mpack_strlen strlen
+    #endif
+
+    #if defined(MPACK_UNIT_TESTS) && MPACK_INTERNAL && defined(__GNUC__)
+        // make sure we don't use the stdlib directly during development
+        #undef memcmp
+        #undef memcpy
+        #undef memmove
+        #undef memset
+        #undef strlen
+        #undef malloc
+        #undef free
+        #pragma GCC poison memcmp
+        #pragma GCC poison memcpy
+        #pragma GCC poison memmove
+        #pragma GCC poison memset
+        #pragma GCC poison strlen
+        #pragma GCC poison malloc
+        #pragma GCC poison free
+    #endif
+
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && !MPACK_NO_BUILTINS
+    // there's not always a builtin memmove for GCC,
+    // and we don't have a way to test for it
+    #define mpack_memcmp __builtin_memcmp
+    #define mpack_memcpy __builtin_memcpy
+    #define mpack_memset __builtin_memset
+    #define mpack_strlen __builtin_strlen
+
+#elif defined(__clang__) && defined(__has_builtin) && !MPACK_NO_BUILTINS
+    #if __has_builtin(__builtin_memcmp)
+    #define mpack_memcmp __builtin_memcmp
+    #endif
+    #if __has_builtin(__builtin_memcpy)
+    #define mpack_memcpy __builtin_memcpy
+    #endif
+    #if __has_builtin(__builtin_memmove)
+    #define mpack_memmove __builtin_memmove
+    #endif
+    #if __has_builtin(__builtin_memset)
+    #define mpack_memset __builtin_memset
+    #endif
+    #if __has_builtin(__builtin_strlen)
+    #define mpack_strlen __builtin_strlen
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef mpack_memcmp
+int mpack_memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+#endif
+#ifndef mpack_memcpy
+void* mpack_memcpy(void* MPACK_RESTRICT s1, const void* MPACK_RESTRICT s2, size_t n);
+#endif
+#ifndef mpack_memmove
+void* mpack_memmove(void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+#endif
+#ifndef mpack_memset
+void* mpack_memset(void* s, int c, size_t n);
+#endif
+#ifndef mpack_strlen
+size_t mpack_strlen(const char* s);
+#endif
+
+#if MPACK_STDIO
+    #if defined(WIN32)
+        #define mpack_snprintf _snprintf
+    #else
+        #define mpack_snprintf snprintf
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* Debug logging */
+#if 0
+    #include <stdio.h>
+    #define mpack_log(...) (MPACK_EXPAND(printf(__VA_ARGS__), fflush(stdout)))
+#else
+    #define mpack_log(...) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* Make sure our configuration makes sense */
+#if defined(MPACK_MALLOC) && !defined(MPACK_FREE)
+    #error "MPACK_MALLOC requires MPACK_FREE."
+#endif
+#if !defined(MPACK_MALLOC) && defined(MPACK_FREE)
+    #error "MPACK_FREE requires MPACK_MALLOC."
+#endif
+#if MPACK_READ_TRACKING && !defined(MPACK_READER)
+    #error "MPACK_READ_TRACKING requires MPACK_READER."
+#endif
+#if MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING && !defined(MPACK_WRITER)
+    #error "MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING requires MPACK_WRITER."
+#endif
+#ifndef MPACK_MALLOC
+    #if MPACK_STDIO
+        #error "MPACK_STDIO requires preprocessor definitions for MPACK_MALLOC and MPACK_FREE."
+    #endif
+    #if MPACK_READ_TRACKING
+        #error "MPACK_READ_TRACKING requires preprocessor definitions for MPACK_MALLOC and MPACK_FREE."
+    #endif
+    #if MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING
+        #error "MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING requires preprocessor definitions for MPACK_MALLOC and MPACK_FREE."
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* Implement realloc if unavailable */
+#ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+    #ifdef MPACK_REALLOC
+        MPACK_INLINE void* mpack_realloc(void* old_ptr, size_t used_size, size_t new_size) {
+            MPACK_UNUSED(used_size);
+            return MPACK_REALLOC(old_ptr, new_size);
+        }
+    #else
+        void* mpack_realloc(void* old_ptr, size_t used_size, size_t new_size);
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+MPACK_HEADER_END
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* mpack/mpack-common.h.h */
+
+/**
+ * @file
+ *
+ * Defines types and functions shared by the MPack reader and writer.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_COMMON_H
+#define MPACK_COMMON_H 1
+
+/* #include "mpack-platform.h" */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_PRINT_BYTE_COUNT
+#define MPACK_PRINT_BYTE_COUNT 12
+#endif
+
+MPACK_HEADER_START
+
+
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup common Tags and Common Elements
+ *
+ * Contains types, constants and functions shared by both the encoding
+ * and decoding portions of MPack.
+ *
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/* Version information */
+
+#define MPACK_VERSION_MAJOR 1  /**< The major version number of MPack. */
+#define MPACK_VERSION_MINOR 0  /**< The minor version number of MPack. */
+#define MPACK_VERSION_PATCH 0  /**< The patch version number of MPack. */
+
+/** A number containing the version number of MPack for comparison purposes. */
+#define MPACK_VERSION ((MPACK_VERSION_MAJOR * 10000) + \
+        (MPACK_VERSION_MINOR * 100) + MPACK_VERSION_PATCH)
+
+/** A macro to test for a minimum version of MPack. */
+#define MPACK_VERSION_AT_LEAST(major, minor, patch) \
+        (MPACK_VERSION >= (((major) * 10000) + ((minor) * 100) + (patch)))
+
+/** @cond */
+#if (MPACK_VERSION_PATCH > 0)
+#define MPACK_VERSION_STRING_BASE \
+        MPACK_STRINGIFY(MPACK_VERSION_MAJOR) "." \
+        MPACK_STRINGIFY(MPACK_VERSION_MINOR) "." \
+        MPACK_STRINGIFY(MPACK_VERSION_PATCH)
+#else
+#define MPACK_VERSION_STRING_BASE \
+        MPACK_STRINGIFY(MPACK_VERSION_MAJOR) "." \
+        MPACK_STRINGIFY(MPACK_VERSION_MINOR)
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_VERSION_STRING
+ * @hideinitializer
+ *
+ * A string containing the MPack version.
+ */
+#if MPACK_RELEASE_VERSION
+#define MPACK_VERSION_STRING MPACK_VERSION_STRING_BASE
+#else
+#define MPACK_VERSION_STRING MPACK_VERSION_STRING_BASE "dev"
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_LIBRARY_STRING
+ * @hideinitializer
+ *
+ * A string describing MPack, containing the library name, version and debug mode.
+ */
+#if MPACK_DEBUG
+#define MPACK_LIBRARY_STRING "MPack " MPACK_VERSION_STRING "-debug"
+#else
+#define MPACK_LIBRARY_STRING "MPack " MPACK_VERSION_STRING
+#endif
+
+/** @cond */
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_MAXIMUM_TAG_SIZE
+ *
+ * The maximum encoded size of a tag in bytes.
+ */
+#define MPACK_MAXIMUM_TAG_SIZE 9
+/** @endcond */
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_TIMESTAMP_NANOSECONDS_MAX
+ *
+ * The maximum value of nanoseconds for a timestamp.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+#define MPACK_TIMESTAMP_NANOSECONDS_MAX 999999999
+#endif
+
+
+
+#if MPACK_COMPATIBILITY
+/**
+ * Versions of the MessagePack format.
+ *
+ * A reader, writer, or tree can be configured to serialize in an older
+ * version of the MessagePack spec. This is necessary to interface with
+ * older MessagePack libraries that do not support new MessagePack features.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_COMPATIBILITY.
+ */
+typedef enum mpack_version_t {
+
+    /**
+     * Version 1.0/v4, supporting only the @c raw type without @c str8.
+     */
+    mpack_version_v4 = 4,
+
+    /**
+     * Version 2.0/v5, supporting the @c str8, @c bin and @c ext types.
+     */
+    mpack_version_v5 = 5,
+
+    /**
+     * The most recent supported version of MessagePack. This is the default.
+     */
+    mpack_version_current = mpack_version_v5,
+
+} mpack_version_t;
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Error states for MPack objects.
+ *
+ * When a reader, writer, or tree is in an error state, all subsequent calls
+ * are ignored and their return values are nil/zero. You should check whether
+ * the source is in an error state before using such values.
+ */
+typedef enum mpack_error_t {
+    mpack_ok = 0,        /**< No error. */
+    mpack_error_io = 2,  /**< The reader or writer failed to fill or flush, or some other file or socket error occurred. */
+    mpack_error_invalid, /**< The data read is not valid MessagePack. */
+    mpack_error_unsupported, /**< The data read is not supported by this configuration of MPack. (See @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.) */
+    mpack_error_type,    /**< The type or value range did not match what was expected by the caller. */
+    mpack_error_too_big, /**< A read or write was bigger than the maximum size allowed for that operation. */
+    mpack_error_memory,  /**< An allocation failure occurred. */
+    mpack_error_bug,     /**< The MPack API was used incorrectly. (This will always assert in debug mode.) */
+    mpack_error_data,    /**< The contained data is not valid. */
+    mpack_error_eof,     /**< The reader failed to read because of file or socket EOF */
+} mpack_error_t;
+
+/**
+ * Converts an MPack error to a string. This function returns an empty
+ * string when MPACK_DEBUG is not set.
+ */
+const char* mpack_error_to_string(mpack_error_t error);
+
+/**
+ * Defines the type of a MessagePack tag.
+ *
+ * Note that extension types, both user defined and built-in, are represented
+ * in tags as @ref mpack_type_ext. The value for an extension type is stored
+ * separately.
+ */
+typedef enum mpack_type_t {
+    mpack_type_missing = 0, /**< Special type indicating a missing optional value. */
+    mpack_type_nil,         /**< A null value. */
+    mpack_type_bool,        /**< A boolean (true or false.) */
+    mpack_type_int,         /**< A 64-bit signed integer. */
+    mpack_type_uint,        /**< A 64-bit unsigned integer. */
+    mpack_type_float,       /**< A 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point number. */
+    mpack_type_double,      /**< A 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point number. */
+    mpack_type_str,         /**< A string. */
+    mpack_type_bin,         /**< A chunk of binary data. */
+    mpack_type_array,       /**< An array of MessagePack objects. */
+    mpack_type_map,         /**< An ordered map of key/value pairs of MessagePack objects. */
+
+    #if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+    /**
+     * A typed MessagePack extension object containing a chunk of binary data.
+     *
+     * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+     */
+    mpack_type_ext,
+    #endif
+} mpack_type_t;
+
+/**
+ * Converts an MPack type to a string. This function returns an empty
+ * string when MPACK_DEBUG is not set.
+ */
+const char* mpack_type_to_string(mpack_type_t type);
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * A timestamp.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+typedef struct mpack_timestamp_t {
+    int64_t seconds; /*< The number of seconds (signed) since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z. */
+    uint32_t nanoseconds; /*< The number of additional nanoseconds, between 0 and 999,999,999. */
+} mpack_timestamp_t;
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * An MPack tag is a MessagePack object header. It is a variant type
+ * representing any kind of object, and includes the length of compound types
+ * (e.g. map, array, string) or the value of non-compound types (e.g. boolean,
+ * integer, float.)
+ *
+ * If the type is compound (str, bin, ext, array or map), the contained
+ * elements or bytes are stored separately.
+ *
+ * This structure is opaque; its fields should not be accessed outside
+ * of MPack.
+ */
+typedef struct mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_t;
+
+/* Hide internals from documentation */
+/** @cond */
+struct mpack_tag_t {
+    mpack_type_t type; /*< The type of value. */
+
+    #if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+    int8_t exttype; /*< The extension type if the type is @ref mpack_type_ext. */
+    #endif
+
+    /* The value for non-compound types. */
+    union {
+        uint64_t u; /*< The value if the type is unsigned int. */
+        int64_t  i; /*< The value if the type is signed int. */
+        double   d; /*< The value if the type is double. */
+        float    f; /*< The value if the type is float. */
+        bool     b; /*< The value if the type is bool. */
+
+        /* The number of bytes if the type is str, bin or ext. */
+        uint32_t l;
+
+        /* The element count if the type is an array, or the number of
+            key/value pairs if the type is map. */
+        uint32_t n;
+    } v;
+};
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * @name Tag Generators
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_TAG_ZERO
+ *
+ * An @ref mpack_tag_t initializer that zeroes the given tag.
+ *
+ * @warning This does not make the tag nil! The tag's type is invalid when
+ * initialized this way. Use @ref mpack_tag_make_nil() to generate a nil tag.
+ */
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+#define MPACK_TAG_ZERO {(mpack_type_t)0, 0, {0}}
+#else
+#define MPACK_TAG_ZERO {(mpack_type_t)0, {0}}
+#endif
+
+/** Generates a nil tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_nil(void) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_nil;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates a bool tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_bool(bool value) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_bool;
+    ret.v.b = value;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates a bool tag with value true. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_true(void) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_bool;
+    ret.v.b = true;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates a bool tag with value false. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_false(void) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_bool;
+    ret.v.b = false;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates a signed int tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_int(int64_t value) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_int;
+    ret.v.i = value;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates an unsigned int tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_uint(uint64_t value) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_uint;
+    ret.v.u = value;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates a float tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_float(float value) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_float;
+    ret.v.f = value;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates a double tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_double(double value) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_double;
+    ret.v.d = value;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates an array tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_array(uint32_t count) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_array;
+    ret.v.n = count;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates a map tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_map(uint32_t count) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_map;
+    ret.v.n = count;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates a str tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_str(uint32_t length) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_str;
+    ret.v.l = length;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Generates a bin tag. */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_bin(uint32_t length) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_bin;
+    ret.v.l = length;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Generates an ext tag.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_make_ext(int8_t exttype, uint32_t length) {
+    mpack_tag_t ret = MPACK_TAG_ZERO;
+    ret.type = mpack_type_ext;
+    ret.exttype = exttype;
+    ret.v.l = length;
+    return ret;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Tag Querying Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Gets the type of a tag.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_type_t mpack_tag_type(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    return tag->type;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the boolean value of a bool-type tag. The tag must be of type @ref
+ * mpack_type_bool.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_bool. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE bool mpack_tag_bool_value(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_bool, "tag is not a bool!");
+    return tag->v.b;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the signed integer value of an int-type tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_int. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @warning This does not convert between signed and unsigned tags! A positive
+ * integer may be stored in a tag as either @ref mpack_type_int or @ref
+ * mpack_type_uint. You must check the type first; this can only be used if the
+ * type is @ref mpack_type_int.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_int
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE int64_t mpack_tag_int_value(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_int, "tag is not an int!");
+    return tag->v.i;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the unsigned integer value of a uint-type tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_uint. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @warning This does not convert between signed and unsigned tags! A positive
+ * integer may be stored in a tag as either @ref mpack_type_int or @ref
+ * mpack_type_uint. You must check the type first; this can only be used if the
+ * type is @ref mpack_type_uint.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_uint
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint64_t mpack_tag_uint_value(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_uint, "tag is not a uint!");
+    return tag->v.u;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the float value of a float-type tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_float. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @warning This does not convert between float and double tags! This can only
+ * be used if the type is @ref mpack_type_float.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_float
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE float mpack_tag_float_value(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_float, "tag is not a float!");
+    return tag->v.f;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the double value of a double-type tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_double. (No check
+ * is performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @warning This does not convert between float and double tags! This can only
+ * be used if the type is @ref mpack_type_double.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_double
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE double mpack_tag_double_value(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_double, "tag is not a double!");
+    return tag->v.d;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the number of elements in an array tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_array. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_array
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_tag_array_count(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_array, "tag is not an array!");
+    return tag->v.n;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the number of key-value pairs in a map tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_map. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_map
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_tag_map_count(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_map, "tag is not a map!");
+    return tag->v.n;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the length in bytes of a str-type tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_str. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_str
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_tag_str_length(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_str, "tag is not a str!");
+    return tag->v.l;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the length in bytes of a bin-type tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_bin. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_bin
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_tag_bin_length(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_bin, "tag is not a bin!");
+    return tag->v.l;
+}
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Gets the length in bytes of an ext-type tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_ext. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_ext
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_tag_ext_length(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_ext, "tag is not an ext!");
+    return tag->v.l;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the extension type (exttype) of an ext-type tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_ext. (No check is
+ * performed if MPACK_DEBUG is not set.)
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_ext
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE int8_t mpack_tag_ext_exttype(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_ext, "tag is not an ext!");
+    return tag->exttype;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Gets the length in bytes of a str-, bin- or ext-type tag.
+ *
+ * This asserts that the type in the tag is @ref mpack_type_str, @ref
+ * mpack_type_bin or @ref mpack_type_ext. (No check is performed if MPACK_DEBUG
+ * is not set.)
+ *
+ * @see mpack_type_str
+ * @see mpack_type_bin
+ * @see mpack_type_ext
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_tag_bytes(mpack_tag_t* tag) {
+    #if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_str || tag->type == mpack_type_bin
+            || tag->type == mpack_type_ext, "tag is not a str, bin or ext!");
+    #else
+    mpack_assert(tag->type == mpack_type_str || tag->type == mpack_type_bin,
+            "tag is not a str or bin!");
+    #endif
+    return tag->v.l;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Other tag functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * The extension type for a timestamp.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+#define MPACK_EXTTYPE_TIMESTAMP ((int8_t)(-1))
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Compares two tags with an arbitrary fixed ordering. Returns 0 if the tags are
+ * equal, a negative integer if left comes before right, or a positive integer
+ * otherwise.
+ *
+ * \warning The ordering is not guaranteed to be preserved across MPack versions; do
+ * not rely on it in persistent data.
+ *
+ * \warning Floating point numbers are compared bit-for-bit, not using the language's
+ * operator==. This means that NaNs with matching representation will compare equal.
+ * This behaviour is up for debate; see comments in the definition of mpack_tag_cmp().
+ *
+ * See mpack_tag_equal() for more information on when tags are considered equal.
+ */
+int mpack_tag_cmp(mpack_tag_t left, mpack_tag_t right);
+
+/**
+ * Compares two tags for equality. Tags are considered equal if the types are compatible
+ * and the values (for non-compound types) are equal.
+ *
+ * The field width of variable-width fields is ignored (and in fact is not stored
+ * in a tag), and positive numbers in signed integers are considered equal to their
+ * unsigned counterparts. So for example the value 1 stored as a positive fixint
+ * is equal to the value 1 stored in a 64-bit unsigned integer field.
+ *
+ * The "extension type" of an extension object is considered part of the value
+ * and must match exactly.
+ *
+ * \warning Floating point numbers are compared bit-for-bit, not using the language's
+ * operator==. This means that NaNs with matching representation will compare equal.
+ * This behaviour is up for debate; see comments in the definition of mpack_tag_cmp().
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE bool mpack_tag_equal(mpack_tag_t left, mpack_tag_t right) {
+    return mpack_tag_cmp(left, right) == 0;
+}
+
+#if MPACK_DEBUG && MPACK_STDIO
+/**
+ * Generates a json-like debug description of the given tag into the given buffer.
+ *
+ * This is only available in debug mode, and only if stdio is available (since
+ * it uses snprintf().) It's strictly for debugging purposes.
+ *
+ * The prefix is used to print the first few hexadecimal bytes of a bin or ext
+ * type. Pass NULL if not a bin or ext.
+ */
+void mpack_tag_debug_pseudo_json(mpack_tag_t tag, char* buffer, size_t buffer_size,
+        const char* prefix, size_t prefix_size);
+
+/**
+ * Generates a debug string description of the given tag into the given buffer.
+ *
+ * This is only available in debug mode, and only if stdio is available (since
+ * it uses snprintf().) It's strictly for debugging purposes.
+ */
+void mpack_tag_debug_describe(mpack_tag_t tag, char* buffer, size_t buffer_size);
+
+/** @cond */
+
+/*
+ * A callback function for printing pseudo-JSON for debugging purposes.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_node_print_callback
+ */
+typedef void (*mpack_print_callback_t)(void* context, const char* data, size_t count);
+
+// helpers for printing debug output
+// i feel a bit like i'm re-implementing a buffered writer again...
+typedef struct mpack_print_t {
+    char* buffer;
+    size_t size;
+    size_t count;
+    mpack_print_callback_t callback;
+    void* context;
+} mpack_print_t;
+
+void mpack_print_append(mpack_print_t* print, const char* data, size_t count);
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_print_append_cstr(mpack_print_t* print, const char* cstr) {
+    mpack_print_append(print, cstr, mpack_strlen(cstr));
+}
+
+void mpack_print_flush(mpack_print_t* print);
+
+void mpack_print_file_callback(void* context, const char* data, size_t count);
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Deprecated Tag Generators
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/*
+ * "make" has been added to their names to disambiguate them from the
+ * value-fetching functions (e.g. mpack_tag_make_bool() vs
+ * mpack_tag_bool_value().)
+ *
+ * The length and count for all compound types was the wrong sign (int32_t
+ * instead of uint32_t.) These preserve the old behaviour; the new "make"
+ * functions have the correct sign.
+ */
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_nil(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_nil(void) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_nil();
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_bool(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_bool(bool value) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_bool(value);
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_true(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_true(void) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_true();
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_false(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_false(void) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_false();
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_int(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_int(int64_t value) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_int(value);
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_uint(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_uint(uint64_t value) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_uint(value);
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_float(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_float(float value) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_float(value);
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_double(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_double(double value) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_double(value);
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_array(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_array(int32_t count) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_array((uint32_t)count);
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_map(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_map(int32_t count) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_map((uint32_t)count);
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_str(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_str(int32_t length) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_str((uint32_t)length);
+}
+
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_bin(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_bin(int32_t length) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_bin((uint32_t)length);
+}
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/** \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tag_make_ext(). */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_tag_t mpack_tag_ext(int8_t exttype, int32_t length) {
+    return mpack_tag_make_ext(exttype, (uint32_t)length);
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/** @cond */
+
+/*
+ * Helpers to perform unaligned network-endian loads and stores
+ * at arbitrary addresses. Byte-swapping builtins are used if they
+ * are available and if they improve performance.
+ *
+ * These will remain available in the public API so feel free to
+ * use them for other purposes, but they are undocumented.
+ */
+
+MPACK_INLINE uint8_t mpack_load_u8(const char* p) {
+    return (uint8_t)p[0];
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE uint16_t mpack_load_u16(const char* p) {
+    #ifdef MPACK_NHSWAP16
+    uint16_t val;
+    mpack_memcpy(&val, p, sizeof(val));
+    return MPACK_NHSWAP16(val);
+    #else
+    return (uint16_t)((((uint16_t)(uint8_t)p[0]) << 8) |
+           ((uint16_t)(uint8_t)p[1]));
+    #endif
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_load_u32(const char* p) {
+    #ifdef MPACK_NHSWAP32
+    uint32_t val;
+    mpack_memcpy(&val, p, sizeof(val));
+    return MPACK_NHSWAP32(val);
+    #else
+    return (((uint32_t)(uint8_t)p[0]) << 24) |
+           (((uint32_t)(uint8_t)p[1]) << 16) |
+           (((uint32_t)(uint8_t)p[2]) <<  8) |
+            ((uint32_t)(uint8_t)p[3]);
+    #endif
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE uint64_t mpack_load_u64(const char* p) {
+    #ifdef MPACK_NHSWAP64
+    uint64_t val;
+    mpack_memcpy(&val, p, sizeof(val));
+    return MPACK_NHSWAP64(val);
+    #else
+    return (((uint64_t)(uint8_t)p[0]) << 56) |
+           (((uint64_t)(uint8_t)p[1]) << 48) |
+           (((uint64_t)(uint8_t)p[2]) << 40) |
+           (((uint64_t)(uint8_t)p[3]) << 32) |
+           (((uint64_t)(uint8_t)p[4]) << 24) |
+           (((uint64_t)(uint8_t)p[5]) << 16) |
+           (((uint64_t)(uint8_t)p[6]) <<  8) |
+            ((uint64_t)(uint8_t)p[7]);
+    #endif
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_u8(char* p, uint8_t val) {
+    uint8_t* u = (uint8_t*)p;
+    u[0] = val;
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_u16(char* p, uint16_t val) {
+    #ifdef MPACK_NHSWAP16
+    val = MPACK_NHSWAP16(val);
+    mpack_memcpy(p, &val, sizeof(val));
+    #else
+    uint8_t* u = (uint8_t*)p;
+    u[0] = (uint8_t)((val >> 8) & 0xFF);
+    u[1] = (uint8_t)( val       & 0xFF);
+    #endif
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_u32(char* p, uint32_t val) {
+    #ifdef MPACK_NHSWAP32
+    val = MPACK_NHSWAP32(val);
+    mpack_memcpy(p, &val, sizeof(val));
+    #else
+    uint8_t* u = (uint8_t*)p;
+    u[0] = (uint8_t)((val >> 24) & 0xFF);
+    u[1] = (uint8_t)((val >> 16) & 0xFF);
+    u[2] = (uint8_t)((val >>  8) & 0xFF);
+    u[3] = (uint8_t)( val        & 0xFF);
+    #endif
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_u64(char* p, uint64_t val) {
+    #ifdef MPACK_NHSWAP64
+    val = MPACK_NHSWAP64(val);
+    mpack_memcpy(p, &val, sizeof(val));
+    #else
+    uint8_t* u = (uint8_t*)p;
+    u[0] = (uint8_t)((val >> 56) & 0xFF);
+    u[1] = (uint8_t)((val >> 48) & 0xFF);
+    u[2] = (uint8_t)((val >> 40) & 0xFF);
+    u[3] = (uint8_t)((val >> 32) & 0xFF);
+    u[4] = (uint8_t)((val >> 24) & 0xFF);
+    u[5] = (uint8_t)((val >> 16) & 0xFF);
+    u[6] = (uint8_t)((val >>  8) & 0xFF);
+    u[7] = (uint8_t)( val        & 0xFF);
+    #endif
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE int8_t  mpack_load_i8 (const char* p) {return (int8_t) mpack_load_u8 (p);}
+MPACK_INLINE int16_t mpack_load_i16(const char* p) {return (int16_t)mpack_load_u16(p);}
+MPACK_INLINE int32_t mpack_load_i32(const char* p) {return (int32_t)mpack_load_u32(p);}
+MPACK_INLINE int64_t mpack_load_i64(const char* p) {return (int64_t)mpack_load_u64(p);}
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_i8 (char* p, int8_t  val) {mpack_store_u8 (p, (uint8_t) val);}
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_i16(char* p, int16_t val) {mpack_store_u16(p, (uint16_t)val);}
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_i32(char* p, int32_t val) {mpack_store_u32(p, (uint32_t)val);}
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_i64(char* p, int64_t val) {mpack_store_u64(p, (uint64_t)val);}
+
+MPACK_INLINE float mpack_load_float(const char* p) {
+    MPACK_CHECK_FLOAT_ORDER();
+    MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(float) == sizeof(uint32_t), "float is wrong size??");
+    union {
+        float f;
+        uint32_t u;
+    } v;
+    v.u = mpack_load_u32(p);
+    return v.f;
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE double mpack_load_double(const char* p) {
+    MPACK_CHECK_FLOAT_ORDER();
+#ifdef MULTIPASS_ARCH_arduino_nano
+    MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(double) == sizeof(uint32_t), "double is wrong size??");
+    union {
+        double d;
+        uint32_t u;
+    } v;
+    v.u = mpack_load_u32(p);
+#else
+    MPACK_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(double) == sizeof(uint64_t), "double is wrong size??");
+    union {
+        double d;
+        uint64_t u;
+    } v;
+    v.u = mpack_load_u64(p);
+#endif
+    return v.d;
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_float(char* p, float value) {
+    MPACK_CHECK_FLOAT_ORDER();
+    union {
+        float f;
+        uint32_t u;
+    } v;
+    v.f = value;
+    mpack_store_u32(p, v.u);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_store_double(char* p, double value) {
+    MPACK_CHECK_FLOAT_ORDER();
+    union {
+        double d;
+        uint64_t u;
+    } v;
+    v.d = value;
+    mpack_store_u64(p, v.u);
+}
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+
+
+/** @cond */
+
+// Sizes in bytes for the various possible tags
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXUINT  1
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_U8       2
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_U16      3
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_U32      5
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_U64      9
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXINT   1
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_I8       2
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_I16      3
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_I32      5
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_I64      9
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FLOAT    5
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_DOUBLE   9
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXARRAY 1
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_ARRAY16  3
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_ARRAY32  5
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXMAP   1
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_MAP16    3
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_MAP32    5
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXSTR   1
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_STR8     2
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_STR16    3
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_STR32    5
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_BIN8     2
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_BIN16    3
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_BIN32    5
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXEXT1  2
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXEXT2  2
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXEXT4  2
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXEXT8  2
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXEXT16 2
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_EXT8     3
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_EXT16    4
+#define MPACK_TAG_SIZE_EXT32    6
+
+// size in bytes for complete ext types
+#define MPACK_EXT_SIZE_TIMESTAMP4 (MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXEXT4 + 4)
+#define MPACK_EXT_SIZE_TIMESTAMP8 (MPACK_TAG_SIZE_FIXEXT8 + 8)
+#define MPACK_EXT_SIZE_TIMESTAMP12 (MPACK_TAG_SIZE_EXT8 + 12)
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+
+
+#if MPACK_READ_TRACKING || MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING
+/* Tracks the write state of compound elements (maps, arrays, */
+/* strings, binary blobs and extension types) */
+/** @cond */
+
+typedef struct mpack_track_element_t {
+    mpack_type_t type;
+    uint64_t left; // we need 64-bit because (2 * INT32_MAX) elements can be stored in a map
+} mpack_track_element_t;
+
+typedef struct mpack_track_t {
+    size_t count;
+    size_t capacity;
+    mpack_track_element_t* elements;
+} mpack_track_t;
+
+#if MPACK_INTERNAL
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_init(mpack_track_t* track);
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_grow(mpack_track_t* track);
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_push(mpack_track_t* track, mpack_type_t type, uint64_t count);
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_pop(mpack_track_t* track, mpack_type_t type);
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_element(mpack_track_t* track, bool read);
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_peek_element(mpack_track_t* track, bool read);
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_bytes(mpack_track_t* track, bool read, uint64_t count);
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_str_bytes_all(mpack_track_t* track, bool read, uint64_t count);
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_check_empty(mpack_track_t* track);
+mpack_error_t mpack_track_destroy(mpack_track_t* track, bool cancel);
+#endif
+
+/** @endcond */
+#endif
+
+
+
+#if MPACK_INTERNAL
+/** @cond */
+
+
+
+/* Miscellaneous string functions */
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given UTF-8 string is valid.
+ */
+bool mpack_utf8_check(const char* str, size_t bytes);
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given UTF-8 string is valid and contains no null characters.
+ */
+bool mpack_utf8_check_no_null(const char* str, size_t bytes);
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given string has no null bytes.
+ */
+bool mpack_str_check_no_null(const char* str, size_t bytes);
+
+
+
+/** @endcond */
+#endif
+
+
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+MPACK_HEADER_END
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* mpack/mpack-writer.h.h */
+
+/**
+ * @file
+ *
+ * Declares the MPack Writer.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_WRITER_H
+#define MPACK_WRITER_H 1
+
+/* #include "mpack-common.h" */
+
+MPACK_HEADER_START
+
+#if MPACK_WRITER
+
+#if MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING
+struct mpack_track_t;
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup writer Write API
+ *
+ * The MPack Write API encodes structured data of a fixed (hardcoded) schema to MessagePack.
+ *
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_WRITER_MINIMUM_BUFFER_SIZE
+ *
+ * The minimum buffer size for a writer with a flush function.
+ */
+#define MPACK_WRITER_MINIMUM_BUFFER_SIZE 32
+
+/**
+ * A buffered MessagePack encoder.
+ *
+ * The encoder wraps an existing buffer and, optionally, a flush function.
+ * This allows efficiently encoding to an in-memory buffer or to a stream.
+ *
+ * All write operations are synchronous; they will block until the
+ * data is fully written, or an error occurs.
+ */
+typedef struct mpack_writer_t mpack_writer_t;
+
+/**
+ * The MPack writer's flush function to flush the buffer to the output stream.
+ * It should flag an appropriate error on the writer if flushing fails (usually
+ * mpack_error_io or mpack_error_memory.)
+ *
+ * The specified context for callbacks is at writer->context.
+ */
+typedef void (*mpack_writer_flush_t)(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* buffer, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * An error handler function to be called when an error is flagged on
+ * the writer.
+ *
+ * The error handler will only be called once on the first error flagged;
+ * any subsequent writes and errors are ignored, and the writer is
+ * permanently in that error state.
+ *
+ * MPack is safe against non-local jumps out of error handler callbacks.
+ * This means you are allowed to longjmp or throw an exception (in C++,
+ * Objective-C, or with SEH) out of this callback.
+ *
+ * Bear in mind when using longjmp that local non-volatile variables that
+ * have changed are undefined when setjmp() returns, so you can't put the
+ * writer on the stack in the same activation frame as the setjmp without
+ * declaring it volatile.
+ *
+ * You must still eventually destroy the writer. It is not destroyed
+ * automatically when an error is flagged. It is safe to destroy the
+ * writer within this error callback, but you will either need to perform
+ * a non-local jump, or store something in your context to identify
+ * that the writer is destroyed since any future accesses to it cause
+ * undefined behavior.
+ */
+typedef void (*mpack_writer_error_t)(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_error_t error);
+
+/**
+ * A teardown function to be called when the writer is destroyed.
+ */
+typedef void (*mpack_writer_teardown_t)(mpack_writer_t* writer);
+
+/* Hide internals from documentation */
+/** @cond */
+
+struct mpack_writer_t {
+    #if MPACK_COMPATIBILITY
+    mpack_version_t version;          /* Version of the MessagePack spec to write */
+    #endif
+    mpack_writer_flush_t flush;       /* Function to write bytes to the output stream */
+    mpack_writer_error_t error_fn;    /* Function to call on error */
+    mpack_writer_teardown_t teardown; /* Function to teardown the context on destroy */
+    void* context;                    /* Context for writer callbacks */
+
+    char* buffer;         /* Byte buffer */
+    char* current;        /* Current position within the buffer */
+    char* end;            /* The end of the buffer */
+    mpack_error_t error;  /* Error state */
+
+    #if MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING
+    mpack_track_t track; /* Stack of map/array/str/bin/ext writes */
+    #endif
+
+    #ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+    /* Reserved. You can use this space to allocate a custom
+     * context in order to reduce heap allocations. */
+    void* reserved[2];
+    #endif
+};
+
+#if MPACK_WRITE_TRACKING
+void mpack_writer_track_push(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_type_t type, uint64_t count);
+void mpack_writer_track_pop(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_type_t type);
+void mpack_writer_track_element(mpack_writer_t* writer);
+void mpack_writer_track_bytes(mpack_writer_t* writer, size_t count);
+#else
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_writer_track_push(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_type_t type, uint64_t count) {
+    MPACK_UNUSED(writer);
+    MPACK_UNUSED(type);
+    MPACK_UNUSED(count);
+}
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_writer_track_pop(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_type_t type) {
+    MPACK_UNUSED(writer);
+    MPACK_UNUSED(type);
+}
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_writer_track_element(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    MPACK_UNUSED(writer);
+}
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_writer_track_bytes(mpack_writer_t* writer, size_t count) {
+    MPACK_UNUSED(writer);
+    MPACK_UNUSED(count);
+}
+#endif
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * @name Lifecycle Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack writer with the given buffer. The writer
+ * does not assume ownership of the buffer.
+ *
+ * Trying to write past the end of the buffer will result in mpack_error_too_big
+ * unless a flush function is set with mpack_writer_set_flush(). To use the data
+ * without flushing, call mpack_writer_buffer_used() to determine the number of
+ * bytes written.
+ *
+ * @param writer The MPack writer.
+ * @param buffer The buffer into which to write MessagePack data.
+ * @param size The size of the buffer.
+ */
+void mpack_writer_init(mpack_writer_t* writer, char* buffer, size_t size);
+
+#ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack writer using a growable buffer.
+ *
+ * The data is placed in the given data pointer if and when the writer
+ * is destroyed without error. The data pointer is NULL during writing,
+ * and will remain NULL if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * The allocated data must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free()
+ * if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_memory if the buffer fails to grow when
+ * flushing.
+ *
+ * @param writer The MPack writer.
+ * @param data Where to place the allocated data.
+ * @param size Where to write the size of the data.
+ */
+void mpack_writer_init_growable(mpack_writer_t* writer, char** data, size_t* size);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack writer directly into an error state. Use this if you
+ * are writing a wrapper to mpack_writer_init() which can fail its setup.
+ */
+void mpack_writer_init_error(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_error_t error);
+
+#if MPACK_STDIO
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack writer that writes to a file.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_memory if allocation fails
+ * @throws mpack_error_io if the file cannot be opened
+ */
+void mpack_writer_init_filename(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* filename);
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated.
+ *
+ * \deprecated Renamed to mpack_writer_init_filename().
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_writer_init_file(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* filename) {
+    mpack_writer_init_filename(writer, filename);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack writer that writes to a libc FILE. This can be used to
+ * write to stdout or stderr, or to a file opened separately.
+ *
+ * @param writer The MPack writer.
+ * @param stdfile The FILE.
+ * @param close_when_done If true, fclose() will be called on the FILE when it
+ *         is no longer needed. If false, the file will not be flushed or
+ *         closed when writing is done.
+ *
+ * @note The writer is buffered. If you want to write other data to the FILE in
+ *         between messages, you must flush it first.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_writer_flush_message
+ */
+void mpack_writer_init_stdfile(mpack_writer_t* writer, FILE* stdfile, bool close_when_done);
+#endif
+
+/** @cond */
+
+#define mpack_writer_init_stack_line_ex(line, writer) \
+    char mpack_buf_##line[MPACK_STACK_SIZE]; \
+    mpack_writer_init(writer, mpack_buf_##line, sizeof(mpack_buf_##line))
+
+#define mpack_writer_init_stack_line(line, writer) \
+    mpack_writer_init_stack_line_ex(line, writer)
+
+/*
+ * Initializes an MPack writer using stack space as a buffer. A flush function
+ * should be added to the writer to flush the buffer.
+ *
+ * This is currently undocumented since it's not entirely useful on its own.
+ */
+
+#define mpack_writer_init_stack(writer) \
+    mpack_writer_init_stack_line(__LINE__, (writer))
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * Cleans up the MPack writer, flushing and closing the underlying stream,
+ * if any. Returns the final error state of the writer.
+ *
+ * No flushing is performed if the writer is in an error state. The attached
+ * teardown function is called whether or not the writer is in an error state.
+ *
+ * This will assert in tracking mode if the writer is not in an error
+ * state and has any unclosed compound types. If you want to cancel
+ * writing in the middle of a document, you need to flag an error on
+ * the writer before destroying it (such as mpack_error_data).
+ *
+ * Note that a writer may raise an error and call your error handler during
+ * the final flush. It is safe to longjmp or throw out of this error handler,
+ * but if you do, the writer will not be destroyed, and the teardown function
+ * will not be called. You can still get the writer's error state, and you
+ * must call @ref mpack_writer_destroy() again. (The second call is guaranteed
+ * not to call your error handler again since the writer is already in an error
+ * state.)
+ *
+ * @see mpack_writer_set_error_handler
+ * @see mpack_writer_set_flush
+ * @see mpack_writer_set_teardown
+ * @see mpack_writer_flag_error
+ * @see mpack_error_data
+ */
+mpack_error_t mpack_writer_destroy(mpack_writer_t* writer);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Configuration
+ * @{
+ */
+
+#if MPACK_COMPATIBILITY
+/**
+ * Sets the version of the MessagePack spec that will be generated.
+ *
+ * This can be used to interface with older libraries that do not support
+ * the newest MessagePack features (such as the @c str8 type.)
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_COMPATIBILITY.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_writer_set_version(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_version_t version) {
+    writer->version = version;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Sets the custom pointer to pass to the writer callbacks, such as flush
+ * or teardown.
+ *
+ * @param writer The MPack writer.
+ * @param context User data to pass to the writer callbacks.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_writer_context()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_writer_set_context(mpack_writer_t* writer, void* context) {
+    writer->context = context;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the custom context for writer callbacks.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_writer_set_context
+ * @see mpack_writer_set_flush
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void* mpack_writer_context(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    return writer->context;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the flush function to write out the data when the buffer is full.
+ *
+ * If no flush function is used, trying to write past the end of the
+ * buffer will result in mpack_error_too_big.
+ *
+ * This should normally be used with mpack_writer_set_context() to register
+ * a custom pointer to pass to the flush function.
+ *
+ * @param writer The MPack writer.
+ * @param flush The function to write out data from the buffer.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_writer_context()
+ */
+void mpack_writer_set_flush(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_writer_flush_t flush);
+
+/**
+ * Sets the error function to call when an error is flagged on the writer.
+ *
+ * This should normally be used with mpack_writer_set_context() to register
+ * a custom pointer to pass to the error function.
+ *
+ * See the definition of mpack_writer_error_t for more information about
+ * what you can do from an error callback.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_writer_error_t
+ * @param writer The MPack writer.
+ * @param error_fn The function to call when an error is flagged on the writer.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_writer_set_error_handler(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_writer_error_t error_fn) {
+    writer->error_fn = error_fn;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the teardown function to call when the writer is destroyed.
+ *
+ * This should normally be used with mpack_writer_set_context() to register
+ * a custom pointer to pass to the teardown function.
+ *
+ * @param writer The MPack writer.
+ * @param teardown The function to call when the writer is destroyed.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_writer_set_teardown(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_writer_teardown_t teardown) {
+    writer->teardown = teardown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Core Writer Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Flushes any buffered data to the underlying stream.
+ *
+ * If write tracking is enabled, this will break and flag @ref
+ * mpack_error_bug if the writer has any open compound types, ensuring
+ * that no compound types are still open. This prevents a "missing
+ * finish" bug from causing a never-ending message.
+ *
+ * If the writer is connected to a socket and you are keeping it open,
+ * you will want to call this after writing a message (or set of
+ * messages) so that the data is actually sent.
+ *
+ * It is not necessary to call this if you are not keeping the writer
+ * open afterwards. You can just call `mpack_writer_destroy()`, and it
+ * will flush before cleaning up.
+ *
+ * This will assert if no flush function is assigned to the writer.
+ */
+void mpack_writer_flush_message(mpack_writer_t* writer);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the number of bytes currently stored in the buffer. This
+ * may be less than the total number of bytes written if bytes have
+ * been flushed to an underlying stream.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE size_t mpack_writer_buffer_used(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    return (size_t)(writer->current - writer->buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the amount of space left in the buffer. This may be reset
+ * after a write if bytes are flushed to an underlying stream.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE size_t mpack_writer_buffer_left(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    return (size_t)(writer->end - writer->current);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the (current) size of the buffer. This may change after a write if
+ * the flush callback changes the buffer.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE size_t mpack_writer_buffer_size(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    return (size_t)(writer->end - writer->buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Places the writer in the given error state, calling the error callback if one
+ * is set.
+ *
+ * This allows you to externally flag errors, for example if you are validating
+ * data as you write it, or if you want to cancel writing in the middle of a
+ * document. (The writer will assert if you try to destroy it without error and
+ * with unclosed compound types. In this case you should flag mpack_error_data
+ * before destroying it.)
+ *
+ * If the writer is already in an error state, this call is ignored and no
+ * error callback is called.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_writer_destroy
+ * @see mpack_error_data
+ */
+void mpack_writer_flag_error(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_error_t error);
+
+/**
+ * Queries the error state of the MPack writer.
+ *
+ * If a writer is in an error state, you should discard all data since the
+ * last time the error flag was checked. The error flag cannot be cleared.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_error_t mpack_writer_error(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    return writer->error;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Writes a MessagePack object header (an MPack Tag.)
+ *
+ * If the value is a map, array, string, binary or extension type, the
+ * containing elements or bytes must be written separately and the
+ * appropriate finish function must be called (as though one of the
+ * mpack_start_*() functions was called.)
+ *
+ * @see mpack_write_bytes()
+ * @see mpack_finish_map()
+ * @see mpack_finish_array()
+ * @see mpack_finish_str()
+ * @see mpack_finish_bin()
+ * @see mpack_finish_ext()
+ * @see mpack_finish_type()
+ */
+void mpack_write_tag(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_tag_t tag);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Integers
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/** Writes an 8-bit integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+void mpack_write_i8(mpack_writer_t* writer, int8_t value);
+
+/** Writes a 16-bit integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+void mpack_write_i16(mpack_writer_t* writer, int16_t value);
+
+/** Writes a 32-bit integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+void mpack_write_i32(mpack_writer_t* writer, int32_t value);
+
+/** Writes a 64-bit integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+void mpack_write_i64(mpack_writer_t* writer, int64_t value);
+
+/** Writes an integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_int(mpack_writer_t* writer, int64_t value) {
+    mpack_write_i64(writer, value);
+}
+
+/** Writes an 8-bit unsigned integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+void mpack_write_u8(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint8_t value);
+
+/** Writes an 16-bit unsigned integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+void mpack_write_u16(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint16_t value);
+
+/** Writes an 32-bit unsigned integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+void mpack_write_u32(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint32_t value);
+
+/** Writes an 64-bit unsigned integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+void mpack_write_u64(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint64_t value);
+
+/** Writes an unsigned integer in the most efficient packing available. */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_uint(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint64_t value) {
+    mpack_write_u64(writer, value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Other Basic Types
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/** Writes a float. */
+void mpack_write_float(mpack_writer_t* writer, float value);
+
+/** Writes a double. */
+void mpack_write_double(mpack_writer_t* writer, double value);
+
+/** Writes a boolean. */
+void mpack_write_bool(mpack_writer_t* writer, bool value);
+
+/** Writes a boolean with value true. */
+void mpack_write_true(mpack_writer_t* writer);
+
+/** Writes a boolean with value false. */
+void mpack_write_false(mpack_writer_t* writer);
+
+/** Writes a nil. */
+void mpack_write_nil(mpack_writer_t* writer);
+
+/** Write a pre-encoded messagepack object */
+void mpack_write_object_bytes(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* data, size_t bytes);
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Writes a timestamp.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @param writer The writer
+ * @param seconds The (signed) number of seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
+ * @param nanoseconds The additional number of nanoseconds from 0 to 999,999,999 inclusive.
+ */
+void mpack_write_timestamp(mpack_writer_t* writer, int64_t seconds, uint32_t nanoseconds);
+
+/**
+ * Writes a timestamp with the given number of seconds (and zero nanoseconds).
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @param writer The writer
+ * @param seconds The (signed) number of seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_timestamp_seconds(mpack_writer_t* writer, int64_t seconds) {
+    mpack_write_timestamp(writer, seconds, 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Writes a timestamp.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_timestamp_struct(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_timestamp_t timestamp) {
+    mpack_write_timestamp(writer, timestamp.seconds, timestamp.nanoseconds);
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Map and Array Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Opens an array.
+ *
+ * `count` elements must follow, and mpack_finish_array() must be called
+ * when done.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_finish_array()
+ */
+void mpack_start_array(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint32_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Opens a map.
+ *
+ * `count * 2` elements must follow, and mpack_finish_map() must be called
+ * when done.
+ *
+ * Remember that while map elements in MessagePack are implicitly ordered,
+ * they are not ordered in JSON. If you need elements to be read back
+ * in the order they are written, consider use an array instead.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_finish_map()
+ */
+void mpack_start_map(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint32_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Finishes writing an array.
+ *
+ * This should be called only after a corresponding call to mpack_start_array()
+ * and after the array contents are written.
+ *
+ * This will track writes to ensure that the correct number of elements are written.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_start_array()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_finish_array(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    mpack_writer_track_pop(writer, mpack_type_array);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finishes writing a map.
+ *
+ * This should be called only after a corresponding call to mpack_start_map()
+ * and after the map contents are written.
+ *
+ * This will track writes to ensure that the correct number of elements are written.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_start_map()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_finish_map(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    mpack_writer_track_pop(writer, mpack_type_map);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Data Helpers
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Writes a string.
+ *
+ * To stream a string in chunks, use mpack_start_str() instead.
+ *
+ * MPack does not care about the underlying encoding, but UTF-8 is highly
+ * recommended, especially for compatibility with JSON. You should consider
+ * calling mpack_write_utf8() instead, especially if you will be reading
+ * it back as UTF-8.
+ *
+ * You should not call mpack_finish_str() after calling this; this
+ * performs both start and finish.
+ */
+void mpack_write_str(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* str, uint32_t length);
+
+/**
+ * Writes a string, ensuring that it is valid UTF-8.
+ *
+ * This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or
+ * WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed.
+ *
+ * You should not call mpack_finish_str() after calling this; this
+ * performs both start and finish.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_invalid if the string is not valid UTF-8
+ */
+void mpack_write_utf8(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* str, uint32_t length);
+
+/**
+ * Writes a null-terminated string. (The null-terminator is not written.)
+ *
+ * MPack does not care about the underlying encoding, but UTF-8 is highly
+ * recommended, especially for compatibility with JSON. You should consider
+ * calling mpack_write_utf8_cstr() instead, especially if you will be reading
+ * it back as UTF-8.
+ *
+ * You should not call mpack_finish_str() after calling this; this
+ * performs both start and finish.
+ */
+void mpack_write_cstr(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* cstr);
+
+/**
+ * Writes a null-terminated string, or a nil node if the given cstr pointer
+ * is NULL. (The null-terminator is not written.)
+ *
+ * MPack does not care about the underlying encoding, but UTF-8 is highly
+ * recommended, especially for compatibility with JSON. You should consider
+ * calling mpack_write_utf8_cstr_or_nil() instead, especially if you will
+ * be reading it back as UTF-8.
+ *
+ * You should not call mpack_finish_str() after calling this; this
+ * performs both start and finish.
+ */
+void mpack_write_cstr_or_nil(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* cstr);
+
+/**
+ * Writes a null-terminated string, ensuring that it is valid UTF-8. (The
+ * null-terminator is not written.)
+ *
+ * This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or
+ * WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed.
+ *
+ * You should not call mpack_finish_str() after calling this; this
+ * performs both start and finish.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_invalid if the string is not valid UTF-8
+ */
+void mpack_write_utf8_cstr(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* cstr);
+
+/**
+ * Writes a null-terminated string ensuring that it is valid UTF-8, or
+ * writes nil if the given cstr pointer is NULL. (The null-terminator
+ * is not written.)
+ *
+ * This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or
+ * WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed.
+ *
+ * You should not call mpack_finish_str() after calling this; this
+ * performs both start and finish.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_invalid if the string is not valid UTF-8
+ */
+void mpack_write_utf8_cstr_or_nil(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* cstr);
+
+/**
+ * Writes a binary blob.
+ *
+ * To stream a binary blob in chunks, use mpack_start_bin() instead.
+ *
+ * You should not call mpack_finish_bin() after calling this; this
+ * performs both start and finish.
+ */
+void mpack_write_bin(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* data, uint32_t count);
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Writes an extension type.
+ *
+ * To stream an extension blob in chunks, use mpack_start_ext() instead.
+ *
+ * Extension types [0, 127] are available for application-specific types. Extension
+ * types [-128, -1] are reserved for future extensions of MessagePack.
+ *
+ * You should not call mpack_finish_ext() after calling this; this
+ * performs both start and finish.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+void mpack_write_ext(mpack_writer_t* writer, int8_t exttype, const char* data, uint32_t count);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Chunked Data Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Opens a string. `count` bytes should be written with calls to
+ * mpack_write_bytes(), and mpack_finish_str() should be called
+ * when done.
+ *
+ * To write an entire string at once, use mpack_write_str() or
+ * mpack_write_cstr() instead.
+ *
+ * MPack does not care about the underlying encoding, but UTF-8 is highly
+ * recommended, especially for compatibility with JSON.
+ */
+void mpack_start_str(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint32_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Opens a binary blob. `count` bytes should be written with calls to
+ * mpack_write_bytes(), and mpack_finish_bin() should be called
+ * when done.
+ */
+void mpack_start_bin(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint32_t count);
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Opens an extension type. `count` bytes should be written with calls
+ * to mpack_write_bytes(), and mpack_finish_ext() should be called
+ * when done.
+ *
+ * Extension types [0, 127] are available for application-specific types. Extension
+ * types [-128, -1] are reserved for future extensions of MessagePack.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+void mpack_start_ext(mpack_writer_t* writer, int8_t exttype, uint32_t count);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Writes a portion of bytes for a string, binary blob or extension type which
+ * was opened by mpack_write_tag() or one of the mpack_start_*() functions.
+ *
+ * This can be called multiple times to write the data in chunks, as long as
+ * the total amount of bytes written matches the count given when the compound
+ * type was started.
+ *
+ * The corresponding mpack_finish_*() function must be called when done.
+ *
+ * To write an entire string, binary blob or extension type at
+ * once, use one of the mpack_write_*() functions instead.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_write_tag()
+ * @see mpack_start_str()
+ * @see mpack_start_bin()
+ * @see mpack_start_ext()
+ * @see mpack_finish_str()
+ * @see mpack_finish_bin()
+ * @see mpack_finish_ext()
+ * @see mpack_finish_type()
+ */
+void mpack_write_bytes(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char* data, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Finishes writing a string.
+ *
+ * This should be called only after a corresponding call to mpack_start_str()
+ * and after the string bytes are written with mpack_write_bytes().
+ *
+ * This will track writes to ensure that the correct number of elements are written.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_start_str()
+ * @see mpack_write_bytes()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_finish_str(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    mpack_writer_track_pop(writer, mpack_type_str);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finishes writing a binary blob.
+ *
+ * This should be called only after a corresponding call to mpack_start_bin()
+ * and after the binary bytes are written with mpack_write_bytes().
+ *
+ * This will track writes to ensure that the correct number of bytes are written.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_start_bin()
+ * @see mpack_write_bytes()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_finish_bin(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    mpack_writer_track_pop(writer, mpack_type_bin);
+}
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Finishes writing an extended type binary data blob.
+ *
+ * This should be called only after a corresponding call to mpack_start_bin()
+ * and after the binary bytes are written with mpack_write_bytes().
+ *
+ * This will track writes to ensure that the correct number of bytes are written.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_start_ext()
+ * @see mpack_write_bytes()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_finish_ext(mpack_writer_t* writer) {
+    mpack_writer_track_pop(writer, mpack_type_ext);
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Finishes writing the given compound type.
+ *
+ * This will track writes to ensure that the correct number of elements
+ * or bytes are written.
+ *
+ * This can be called with the appropriate type instead the corresponding
+ * mpack_finish_*() function if you want to finish a dynamic type.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_finish_type(mpack_writer_t* writer, mpack_type_t type) {
+    mpack_writer_track_pop(writer, type);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+#if MPACK_WRITER && MPACK_HAS_GENERIC && !defined(__cplusplus)
+
+/**
+ * @name Type-Generic Writers
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @def mpack_write(writer, value)
+ *
+ * Type-generic writer for primitive types.
+ *
+ * The compiler will dispatch to an appropriate write function based
+ * on the type of the @a value parameter.
+ *
+ * @note This requires C11 `_Generic` support. (A set of inline overloads
+ * are used in C++ to provide the same functionality.)
+ *
+ * @warning In C11, the indentifiers `true`, `false` and `NULL` are
+ * all of type `int`, not `bool` or `void*`! They will emit unexpected
+ * types when passed uncast, so be careful when using them.
+ */
+#define mpack_write(writer, value) \
+    _Generic(((void)0, value),                      \
+              int8_t: mpack_write_i8,               \
+             int16_t: mpack_write_i16,              \
+             int32_t: mpack_write_i32,              \
+             int64_t: mpack_write_i64,              \
+             uint8_t: mpack_write_u8,               \
+            uint16_t: mpack_write_u16,              \
+            uint32_t: mpack_write_u32,              \
+            uint64_t: mpack_write_u64,              \
+                bool: mpack_write_bool,             \
+               float: mpack_write_float,            \
+              double: mpack_write_double,           \
+              char *: mpack_write_cstr_or_nil,      \
+        const char *: mpack_write_cstr_or_nil       \
+    )(writer, value)
+
+/**
+ * @def mpack_write_kv(writer, key, value)
+ *
+ * Type-generic writer for key-value pairs of null-terminated string
+ * keys and primitive values.
+ *
+ * @warning @a writer may be evaluated multiple times.
+ *
+ * @warning In C11, the indentifiers `true`, `false` and `NULL` are
+ * all of type `int`, not `bool` or `void*`! They will emit unexpected
+ * types when passed uncast, so be careful when using them.
+ *
+ * @param writer The writer.
+ * @param key A null-terminated C string.
+ * @param value A primitive type supported by mpack_write().
+ */
+#define mpack_write_kv(writer, key, value) do {     \
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);                  \
+    mpack_write(writer, value);                     \
+} while (0)
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+#endif
+
+MPACK_HEADER_END
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus) || defined(MPACK_DOXYGEN)
+
+/*
+ * C++ generic writers for primitive values
+ *
+ * These currently sit outside of MPACK_HEADER_END because it defines
+ * extern "C". They'll be moved to a C++-specific header soon.
+ */
+
+#ifdef MPACK_DOXYGEN
+#undef mpack_write
+#undef mpack_write_kv
+#endif
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, int8_t value) {
+    mpack_write_i8(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, int16_t value) {
+    mpack_write_i16(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, int32_t value) {
+    mpack_write_i32(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, int64_t value) {
+    mpack_write_i64(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint8_t value) {
+    mpack_write_u8(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint16_t value) {
+    mpack_write_u16(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint32_t value) {
+    mpack_write_u32(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, uint64_t value) {
+    mpack_write_u64(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, bool value) {
+    mpack_write_bool(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, float value) {
+    mpack_write_float(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, double value) {
+    mpack_write_double(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, char *value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr_or_nil(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr_or_nil(writer, value);
+}
+
+/* C++ generic write for key-value pairs */
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, int8_t value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_i8(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, int16_t value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_i16(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, int32_t value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_i32(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, int64_t value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_i64(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, uint8_t value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_u8(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, uint16_t value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_u16(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, uint32_t value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_u32(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, uint64_t value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_u64(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, bool value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_bool(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, float value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_float(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, double value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_double(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, char *value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_cstr_or_nil(writer, value);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_write_kv(mpack_writer_t* writer, const char *key, const char *value) {
+    mpack_write_cstr(writer, key);
+    mpack_write_cstr_or_nil(writer, value);
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+#endif
+
+/* mpack/mpack-reader.h.h */
+
+/**
+ * @file
+ *
+ * Declares the core MPack Tag Reader.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_READER_H
+#define MPACK_READER_H 1
+
+/* #include "mpack-common.h" */
+
+MPACK_HEADER_START
+
+#if MPACK_READER
+
+#if MPACK_READ_TRACKING
+struct mpack_track_t;
+#endif
+
+// The denominator to determine whether a read is a small
+// fraction of the buffer size.
+#define MPACK_READER_SMALL_FRACTION_DENOMINATOR 32
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup reader Reader API
+ *
+ * The MPack Reader API contains functions for imperatively reading dynamically
+ * typed data from a MessagePack stream.
+ *
+ * See @ref docs/reader.md for examples.
+ *
+ * @note If you are not writing code for an embedded device (or otherwise do
+ * not need maximum performance with minimal memory usage), you should not use
+ * this. You probably want to use the @link node Node API@endlink instead.
+ *
+ * This forms the basis of the @link expect Expect API@endlink, which can be
+ * used to interpret the stream of elements in expected types and value ranges.
+ *
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @def MPACK_READER_MINIMUM_BUFFER_SIZE
+ *
+ * The minimum buffer size for a reader with a fill function.
+ */
+#define MPACK_READER_MINIMUM_BUFFER_SIZE 32
+
+/**
+ * A buffered MessagePack decoder.
+ *
+ * The decoder wraps an existing buffer and, optionally, a fill function.
+ * This allows efficiently decoding data from existing memory buffers, files,
+ * streams, etc.
+ *
+ * All read operations are synchronous; they will block until the
+ * requested data is fully read, or an error occurs.
+ *
+ * This structure is opaque; its fields should not be accessed outside
+ * of MPack.
+ */
+typedef struct mpack_reader_t mpack_reader_t;
+
+/**
+ * The MPack reader's fill function. It should fill the buffer with at
+ * least one byte and at most the given @c count, returning the number
+ * of bytes written to the buffer.
+ *
+ * In case of error, it should flag an appropriate error on the reader
+ * (usually @ref mpack_error_io), or simply return zero. If zero is
+ * returned, mpack_error_io is raised.
+ *
+ * @note When reading from a stream, you should only copy and return
+ * the bytes that are immediately available. It is always safe to return
+ * less than the requested count as long as some non-zero number of bytes
+ * are read; if more bytes are needed, the read function will simply be
+ * called again.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_reader_context()
+ */
+typedef size_t (*mpack_reader_fill_t)(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* buffer, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * The MPack reader's skip function. It should discard the given number
+ * of bytes from the source (for example by seeking forward.)
+ *
+ * In case of error, it should flag an appropriate error on the reader.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_reader_context()
+ */
+typedef void (*mpack_reader_skip_t)(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * An error handler function to be called when an error is flagged on
+ * the reader.
+ *
+ * The error handler will only be called once on the first error flagged;
+ * any subsequent reads and errors are ignored, and the reader is
+ * permanently in that error state.
+ *
+ * MPack is safe against non-local jumps out of error handler callbacks.
+ * This means you are allowed to longjmp or throw an exception (in C++,
+ * Objective-C, or with SEH) out of this callback.
+ *
+ * Bear in mind when using longjmp that local non-volatile variables that
+ * have changed are undefined when setjmp() returns, so you can't put the
+ * reader on the stack in the same activation frame as the setjmp without
+ * declaring it volatile.
+ *
+ * You must still eventually destroy the reader. It is not destroyed
+ * automatically when an error is flagged. It is safe to destroy the
+ * reader within this error callback, but you will either need to perform
+ * a non-local jump, or store something in your context to identify
+ * that the reader is destroyed since any future accesses to it cause
+ * undefined behavior.
+ */
+typedef void (*mpack_reader_error_t)(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_error_t error);
+
+/**
+ * A teardown function to be called when the reader is destroyed.
+ */
+typedef void (*mpack_reader_teardown_t)(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/* Hide internals from documentation */
+/** @cond */
+
+struct mpack_reader_t {
+    void* context;                    /* Context for reader callbacks */
+    mpack_reader_fill_t fill;         /* Function to read bytes into the buffer */
+    mpack_reader_error_t error_fn;    /* Function to call on error */
+    mpack_reader_teardown_t teardown; /* Function to teardown the context on destroy */
+    mpack_reader_skip_t skip;         /* Function to skip bytes from the source */
+
+    char* buffer;       /* Writeable byte buffer */
+    size_t size;        /* Size of the buffer */
+
+    const char* data;   /* Current data pointer (in the buffer, if it is used) */
+    const char* end;    /* The end of available data (in the buffer, if it is used) */
+
+    mpack_error_t error;  /* Error state */
+
+    #if MPACK_READ_TRACKING
+    mpack_track_t track; /* Stack of map/array/str/bin/ext reads */
+    #endif
+};
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * @name Lifecycle Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack reader with the given buffer. The reader does
+ * not assume ownership of the buffer, but the buffer must be writeable
+ * if a fill function will be used to refill it.
+ *
+ * @param reader The MPack reader.
+ * @param buffer The buffer with which to read MessagePack data.
+ * @param size The size of the buffer.
+ * @param count The number of bytes already in the buffer.
+ */
+void mpack_reader_init(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* buffer, size_t size, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack reader directly into an error state. Use this if you
+ * are writing a wrapper to mpack_reader_init() which can fail its setup.
+ */
+void mpack_reader_init_error(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_error_t error);
+
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack reader to parse a pre-loaded contiguous chunk of data. The
+ * reader does not assume ownership of the data.
+ *
+ * @param reader The MPack reader.
+ * @param data The data to parse.
+ * @param count The number of bytes pointed to by data.
+ */
+void mpack_reader_init_data(mpack_reader_t* reader, const char* data, size_t count);
+
+#if MPACK_STDIO
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack reader that reads from a file.
+ *
+ * The file will be automatically opened and closed by the reader.
+ */
+void mpack_reader_init_filename(mpack_reader_t* reader, const char* filename);
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated.
+ *
+ * \deprecated Renamed to mpack_reader_init_filename().
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_reader_init_file(mpack_reader_t* reader, const char* filename) {
+    mpack_reader_init_filename(reader, filename);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack reader that reads from a libc FILE. This can be used to
+ * read from stdin, or from a file opened separately.
+ *
+ * @param reader The MPack reader.
+ * @param stdfile The FILE.
+ * @param close_when_done If true, fclose() will be called on the FILE when it
+ *         is no longer needed. If false, the file will not be closed when
+ *         reading is done.
+ *
+ * @warning The reader is buffered. It will read data in advance of parsing it,
+ * and it may read more data than it parsed. See mpack_reader_remaining() to
+ * access the extra data.
+ */
+void mpack_reader_init_stdfile(mpack_reader_t* reader, FILE* stdfile, bool close_when_done);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def mpack_reader_init_stack(reader)
+ * @hideinitializer
+ *
+ * Initializes an MPack reader using stack space as a buffer. A fill function
+ * should be added to the reader to fill the buffer.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_reader_set_fill
+ */
+
+/** @cond */
+#define mpack_reader_init_stack_line_ex(line, reader) \
+    char mpack_buf_##line[MPACK_STACK_SIZE]; \
+    mpack_reader_init((reader), mpack_buf_##line, sizeof(mpack_buf_##line), 0)
+
+#define mpack_reader_init_stack_line(line, reader) \
+    mpack_reader_init_stack_line_ex(line, reader)
+/** @endcond */
+
+#define mpack_reader_init_stack(reader) \
+    mpack_reader_init_stack_line(__LINE__, (reader))
+
+/**
+ * Cleans up the MPack reader, ensuring that all compound elements
+ * have been completely read. Returns the final error state of the
+ * reader.
+ *
+ * This will assert in tracking mode if the reader is not in an error
+ * state and has any incomplete reads. If you want to cancel reading
+ * in the middle of a document, you need to flag an error on the reader
+ * before destroying it (such as mpack_error_data).
+ *
+ * @see mpack_read_tag()
+ * @see mpack_reader_flag_error()
+ * @see mpack_error_data
+ */
+mpack_error_t mpack_reader_destroy(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Callbacks
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Sets the custom pointer to pass to the reader callbacks, such as fill
+ * or teardown.
+ *
+ * @param reader The MPack reader.
+ * @param context User data to pass to the reader callbacks.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_reader_context()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_reader_set_context(mpack_reader_t* reader, void* context) {
+    reader->context = context;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the custom context for reader callbacks.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_reader_set_context
+ * @see mpack_reader_set_fill
+ * @see mpack_reader_set_skip
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void* mpack_reader_context(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+    return reader->context;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the fill function to refill the data buffer when it runs out of data.
+ *
+ * If no fill function is used, truncated MessagePack data results in
+ * mpack_error_invalid (since the buffer is assumed to contain a
+ * complete MessagePack object.)
+ *
+ * If a fill function is used, truncated MessagePack data usually
+ * results in mpack_error_io (since the fill function fails to get
+ * the missing data.)
+ *
+ * This should normally be used with mpack_reader_set_context() to register
+ * a custom pointer to pass to the fill function.
+ *
+ * @param reader The MPack reader.
+ * @param fill The function to fetch additional data into the buffer.
+ */
+void mpack_reader_set_fill(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_reader_fill_t fill);
+
+/**
+ * Sets the skip function to discard bytes from the source stream.
+ *
+ * It's not necessary to implement this function. If the stream is not
+ * seekable, don't set a skip callback. The reader will fall back to
+ * using the fill function instead.
+ *
+ * This should normally be used with mpack_reader_set_context() to register
+ * a custom pointer to pass to the skip function.
+ *
+ * The skip function is ignored in size-optimized builds to reduce code
+ * size. Data will be skipped with the fill function when necessary.
+ *
+ * @param reader The MPack reader.
+ * @param skip The function to discard bytes from the source stream.
+ */
+void mpack_reader_set_skip(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_reader_skip_t skip);
+
+/**
+ * Sets the error function to call when an error is flagged on the reader.
+ *
+ * This should normally be used with mpack_reader_set_context() to register
+ * a custom pointer to pass to the error function.
+ *
+ * See the definition of mpack_reader_error_t for more information about
+ * what you can do from an error callback.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_reader_error_t
+ * @param reader The MPack reader.
+ * @param error_fn The function to call when an error is flagged on the reader.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_reader_set_error_handler(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_reader_error_t error_fn) {
+    reader->error_fn = error_fn;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the teardown function to call when the reader is destroyed.
+ *
+ * This should normally be used with mpack_reader_set_context() to register
+ * a custom pointer to pass to the teardown function.
+ *
+ * @param reader The MPack reader.
+ * @param teardown The function to call when the reader is destroyed.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_reader_set_teardown(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_reader_teardown_t teardown) {
+    reader->teardown = teardown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Core Reader Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Queries the error state of the MPack reader.
+ *
+ * If a reader is in an error state, you should discard all data since the
+ * last time the error flag was checked. The error flag cannot be cleared.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_error_t mpack_reader_error(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+    return reader->error;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Places the reader in the given error state, calling the error callback if one
+ * is set.
+ *
+ * This allows you to externally flag errors, for example if you are validating
+ * data as you read it.
+ *
+ * If the reader is already in an error state, this call is ignored and no
+ * error callback is called.
+ */
+void mpack_reader_flag_error(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_error_t error);
+
+/**
+ * Places the reader in the given error state if the given error is not mpack_ok,
+ * returning the resulting error state of the reader.
+ *
+ * This allows you to externally flag errors, for example if you are validating
+ * data as you read it.
+ *
+ * If the given error is mpack_ok or if the reader is already in an error state,
+ * this call is ignored and the actual error state of the reader is returned.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_error_t mpack_reader_flag_if_error(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_error_t error) {
+    if (error != mpack_ok)
+        mpack_reader_flag_error(reader, error);
+    return mpack_reader_error(reader);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns bytes left in the reader's buffer.
+ *
+ * If you are done reading MessagePack data but there is other interesting data
+ * following it, the reader may have buffered too much data. The number of bytes
+ * remaining in the buffer and a pointer to the position of those bytes can be
+ * queried here.
+ *
+ * If you know the length of the MPack chunk beforehand, it's better to instead
+ * have your fill function limit the data it reads so that the reader does not
+ * have extra data. In this case you can simply check that this returns zero.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if the reader is in an error state.
+ *
+ * @param reader The MPack reader from which to query remaining data.
+ * @param data [out] A pointer to the remaining data, or NULL.
+ * @return The number of bytes remaining in the buffer.
+ */
+size_t mpack_reader_remaining(mpack_reader_t* reader, const char** data);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a MessagePack object header (an MPack tag.)
+ *
+ * If an error occurs, the reader is placed in an error state and a
+ * nil tag is returned. If the reader is already in an error state,
+ * a nil tag is returned.
+ *
+ * If the type is compound (i.e. is a map, array, string, binary or
+ * extension type), additional reads are required to get the contained
+ * data, and the corresponding done function must be called when done.
+ *
+ * @note Maps in JSON are unordered, so it is recommended not to expect
+ * a specific ordering for your map values in case your data is converted
+ * to/from JSON.
+ * 
+ * @see mpack_read_bytes()
+ * @see mpack_done_array()
+ * @see mpack_done_map()
+ * @see mpack_done_str()
+ * @see mpack_done_bin()
+ * @see mpack_done_ext()
+ */
+mpack_tag_t mpack_read_tag(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Parses the next MessagePack object header (an MPack tag) without
+ * advancing the reader.
+ *
+ * If an error occurs, the reader is placed in an error state and a
+ * nil tag is returned. If the reader is already in an error state,
+ * a nil tag is returned.
+ *
+ * @note Maps in JSON are unordered, so it is recommended not to expect
+ * a specific ordering for your map values in case your data is converted
+ * to/from JSON.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_read_tag()
+ * @see mpack_discard()
+ */
+mpack_tag_t mpack_peek_tag(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name String and Data Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Skips bytes from the underlying stream. This is used only to
+ * skip the contents of a string, binary blob or extension object.
+ */
+void mpack_skip_bytes(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads bytes from a string, binary blob or extension object, copying
+ * them into the given buffer.
+ *
+ * A str, bin or ext must have been opened by a call to mpack_read_tag()
+ * which yielded one of these types, or by a call to an expect function
+ * such as mpack_expect_str() or mpack_expect_bin().
+ *
+ * If an error occurs, the buffer contents are undefined.
+ *
+ * This can be called multiple times for a single str, bin or ext
+ * to read the data in chunks. The total data read must add up
+ * to the size of the object.
+ *
+ * @param reader The MPack reader
+ * @param p The buffer in which to copy the bytes
+ * @param count The number of bytes to read
+ */
+void mpack_read_bytes(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* p, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads bytes from a string, ensures that the string is valid UTF-8,
+ * and copies the bytes into the given buffer.
+ *
+ * A string must have been opened by a call to mpack_read_tag() which
+ * yielded a string, or by a call to an expect function such as
+ * mpack_expect_str().
+ *
+ * The given byte count must match the complete size of the string as
+ * returned by the tag or expect function. You must ensure that the
+ * buffer fits the data.
+ *
+ * This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or
+ * WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed.
+ *
+ * If an error occurs, the buffer contents are undefined.
+ *
+ * Unlike mpack_read_bytes(), this cannot be used to read the data in
+ * chunks (since this might split a character's UTF-8 bytes, and the
+ * reader does not keep track of the UTF-8 decoding state between reads.)
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the string contains invalid UTF-8.
+ */
+void mpack_read_utf8(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* p, size_t byte_count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads bytes from a string, ensures that the string contains no NUL
+ * bytes, copies the bytes into the given buffer and adds a null-terminator.
+ *
+ * A string must have been opened by a call to mpack_read_tag() which
+ * yielded a string, or by a call to an expect function such as
+ * mpack_expect_str().
+ *
+ * The given byte count must match the size of the string as returned
+ * by the tag or expect function. The string will only be copied if
+ * the buffer is large enough to store it.
+ *
+ * If an error occurs, the buffer will contain an empty string.
+ *
+ * @note If you know the object will be a string before reading it,
+ * it is highly recommended to use mpack_expect_cstr() instead.
+ * Alternatively you could use mpack_peek_tag() and call
+ * mpack_expect_cstr() if it's a string.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big if the string plus null-terminator is larger than the given buffer size
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the string contains a null byte.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_peek_tag()
+ * @see mpack_expect_cstr()
+ * @see mpack_expect_utf8_cstr()
+ */
+void mpack_read_cstr(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* buf, size_t buffer_size, size_t byte_count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads bytes from a string, ensures that the string is valid UTF-8
+ * with no NUL bytes, copies the bytes into the given buffer and adds a
+ * null-terminator.
+ *
+ * A string must have been opened by a call to mpack_read_tag() which
+ * yielded a string, or by a call to an expect function such as
+ * mpack_expect_str().
+ *
+ * The given byte count must match the size of the string as returned
+ * by the tag or expect function. The string will only be copied if
+ * the buffer is large enough to store it.
+ *
+ * This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or
+ * WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed, but without the NUL character, since
+ * it cannot be represented in a null-terminated string.
+ *
+ * If an error occurs, the buffer will contain an empty string.
+ *
+ * @note If you know the object will be a string before reading it,
+ * it is highly recommended to use mpack_expect_utf8_cstr() instead.
+ * Alternatively you could use mpack_peek_tag() and call
+ * mpack_expect_utf8_cstr() if it's a string.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big if the string plus null-terminator is larger than the given buffer size
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the string contains invalid UTF-8 or a null byte.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_peek_tag()
+ * @see mpack_expect_utf8_cstr()
+ */
+void mpack_read_utf8_cstr(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* buf, size_t buffer_size, size_t byte_count);
+
+#ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+/** @cond */
+// This can optionally add a null-terminator, but it does not check
+// whether the data contains null bytes. This must be done separately
+// in a cstring read function (possibly as part of a UTF-8 check.)
+char* mpack_read_bytes_alloc_impl(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t count, bool null_terminated);
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * Reads bytes from a string, binary blob or extension object, allocating
+ * storage for them and returning the allocated pointer.
+ *
+ * The allocated string must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free()
+ * if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
+ *
+ * Returns NULL if any error occurs, or if count is zero.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE char* mpack_read_bytes_alloc(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t count) {
+    return mpack_read_bytes_alloc_impl(reader, count, false);
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Reads bytes from a string, binary blob or extension object in-place in
+ * the buffer. This can be used to avoid copying the data.
+ *
+ * A str, bin or ext must have been opened by a call to mpack_read_tag()
+ * which yielded one of these types, or by a call to an expect function
+ * such as mpack_expect_str() or mpack_expect_bin().
+ *
+ * If the bytes are from a string, the string is not null-terminated! Use
+ * mpack_read_cstr() to copy the string into a buffer and add a null-terminator.
+ *
+ * The returned pointer is invalidated on the next read, or when the buffer
+ * is destroyed.
+ *
+ * The reader will move data around in the buffer if needed to ensure that
+ * the pointer can always be returned, so this should only be used if
+ * count is very small compared to the buffer size. If you need to check
+ * whether a small size is reasonable (for example you intend to handle small and
+ * large sizes differently), you can call mpack_should_read_bytes_inplace().
+ *
+ * This can be called multiple times for a single str, bin or ext
+ * to read the data in chunks. The total data read must add up
+ * to the size of the object.
+ *
+ * NULL is returned if the reader is in an error state.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big if the requested size is larger than the buffer size
+ *
+ * @see mpack_should_read_bytes_inplace()
+ */
+const char* mpack_read_bytes_inplace(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads bytes from a string in-place in the buffer and ensures they are
+ * valid UTF-8. This can be used to avoid copying the data.
+ *
+ * A string must have been opened by a call to mpack_read_tag() which
+ * yielded a string, or by a call to an expect function such as
+ * mpack_expect_str().
+ *
+ * The string is not null-terminated! Use mpack_read_utf8_cstr() to
+ * copy the string into a buffer and add a null-terminator.
+ *
+ * The returned pointer is invalidated on the next read, or when the buffer
+ * is destroyed.
+ *
+ * The reader will move data around in the buffer if needed to ensure that
+ * the pointer can always be returned, so this should only be used if
+ * count is very small compared to the buffer size. If you need to check
+ * whether a small size is reasonable (for example you intend to handle small and
+ * large sizes differently), you can call mpack_should_read_bytes_inplace().
+ *
+ * This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or
+ * WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed.
+ *
+ * Unlike mpack_read_bytes_inplace(), this cannot be used to read the data in
+ * chunks (since this might split a character's UTF-8 bytes, and the
+ * reader does not keep track of the UTF-8 decoding state between reads.)
+ *
+ * NULL is returned if the reader is in an error state.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the string contains invalid UTF-8
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big if the requested size is larger than the buffer size
+ *
+ * @see mpack_should_read_bytes_inplace()
+ */
+const char* mpack_read_utf8_inplace(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if it's a good idea to read the given number of bytes
+ * in-place.
+ *
+ * If the read will be larger than some small fraction of the buffer size,
+ * this will return false to avoid shuffling too much data back and forth
+ * in the buffer.
+ *
+ * Use this if you're expecting arbitrary size data, and you want to read
+ * in-place for the best performance when possible but will fall back to
+ * a normal read if the data is too large.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_read_bytes_inplace()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE bool mpack_should_read_bytes_inplace(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t count) {
+    return (reader->size == 0 || count <= reader->size / MPACK_READER_SMALL_FRACTION_DENOMINATOR);
+}
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Reads a timestamp contained in an ext object of the given size, closing the
+ * ext type.
+ *
+ * An ext object of exttype @ref MPACK_EXTTYPE_TIMESTAMP must have been opened
+ * by a call to e.g. mpack_read_tag() or mpack_expect_ext().
+ *
+ * You must NOT call mpack_done_ext() after calling this. A timestamp ext
+ * object can only contain a single timestamp value, so this calls
+ * mpack_done_ext() automatically.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_invalid if the size is not one of the supported
+ * timestamp sizes, or if the nanoseconds are out of range.
+ */
+mpack_timestamp_t mpack_read_timestamp(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t size);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Core Reader Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+#if MPACK_READ_TRACKING
+/**
+ * Finishes reading the given type.
+ *
+ * This will track reads to ensure that the correct number of elements
+ * or bytes are read.
+ */
+void mpack_done_type(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_type_t type);
+#else
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_done_type(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_type_t type) {
+    MPACK_UNUSED(reader);
+    MPACK_UNUSED(type);
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Finishes reading an array.
+ *
+ * This will track reads to ensure that the correct number of elements are read.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_done_array(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+    mpack_done_type(reader, mpack_type_array);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @fn mpack_done_map(mpack_reader_t* reader)
+ *
+ * Finishes reading a map.
+ *
+ * This will track reads to ensure that the correct number of elements are read.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_done_map(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+    mpack_done_type(reader, mpack_type_map);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @fn mpack_done_str(mpack_reader_t* reader)
+ *
+ * Finishes reading a string.
+ *
+ * This will track reads to ensure that the correct number of bytes are read.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_done_str(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+    mpack_done_type(reader, mpack_type_str);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @fn mpack_done_bin(mpack_reader_t* reader)
+ *
+ * Finishes reading a binary data blob.
+ *
+ * This will track reads to ensure that the correct number of bytes are read.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_done_bin(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+    mpack_done_type(reader, mpack_type_bin);
+}
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * @fn mpack_done_ext(mpack_reader_t* reader)
+ *
+ * Finishes reading an extended type binary data blob.
+ *
+ * This will track reads to ensure that the correct number of bytes are read.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_done_ext(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+    mpack_done_type(reader, mpack_type_ext);
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Reads and discards the next object. This will read and discard all
+ * contained data as well if it is a compound type.
+ */
+void mpack_discard(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/** @cond */
+
+#if MPACK_DEBUG && MPACK_STDIO
+/**
+ * @name Debugging Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+/*
+ * Converts a blob of MessagePack to a pseudo-JSON string for debugging
+ * purposes, placing the result in the given buffer with a null-terminator.
+ *
+ * If the buffer does not have enough space, the result will be truncated (but
+ * it is guaranteed to be null-terminated.)
+ *
+ * This is only available in debug mode, and only if stdio is available (since
+ * it uses snprintf().) It's strictly for debugging purposes.
+ */
+void mpack_print_data_to_buffer(const char* data, size_t data_size, char* buffer, size_t buffer_size);
+
+/*
+ * Converts a node to pseudo-JSON for debugging purposes, calling the given
+ * callback as many times as is necessary to output the character data.
+ *
+ * No null-terminator or trailing newline will be written.
+ *
+ * This is only available in debug mode, and only if stdio is available (since
+ * it uses snprintf().) It's strictly for debugging purposes.
+ */
+void mpack_print_data_to_callback(const char* data, size_t size, mpack_print_callback_t callback, void* context);
+
+/*
+ * Converts a blob of MessagePack to pseudo-JSON for debugging purposes
+ * and pretty-prints it to the given file.
+ */
+void mpack_print_data_to_file(const char* data, size_t len, FILE* file);
+
+/*
+ * Converts a blob of MessagePack to pseudo-JSON for debugging purposes
+ * and pretty-prints it to stdout.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_print_data_to_stdout(const char* data, size_t len) {
+    mpack_print_data_to_file(data, len, stdout);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Converts the MessagePack contained in the given `FILE*` to pseudo-JSON for
+ * debugging purposes, calling the given callback as many times as is necessary
+ * to output the character data.
+ */
+void mpack_print_stdfile_to_callback(FILE* file, mpack_print_callback_t callback, void* context);
+
+/*
+ * Deprecated.
+ *
+ * \deprecated Renamed to mpack_print_data_to_stdout().
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_print(const char* data, size_t len) {
+    mpack_print_data_to_stdout(data, len);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+#endif
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+
+
+#if MPACK_INTERNAL
+
+bool mpack_reader_ensure_straddle(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t count);
+
+/*
+ * Ensures there are at least @c count bytes left in the
+ * data, raising an error and returning false if more
+ * data cannot be made available.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE bool mpack_reader_ensure(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t count) {
+    mpack_assert(count != 0, "cannot ensure zero bytes!");
+    mpack_assert(reader->error == mpack_ok, "reader cannot be in an error state!");
+
+    if (count <= (size_t)(reader->end - reader->data))
+        return true;
+    return mpack_reader_ensure_straddle(reader, count);
+}
+
+void mpack_read_native_straddle(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* p, size_t count);
+
+// Reads count bytes into p, deferring to mpack_read_native_straddle() if more
+// bytes are needed than are available in the buffer.
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_read_native(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* p, size_t count) {
+    mpack_assert(count == 0 || p != NULL, "data pointer for %i bytes is NULL", (int)count);
+
+    if (count > (size_t)(reader->end - reader->data)) {
+        mpack_read_native_straddle(reader, p, count);
+    } else {
+        mpack_memcpy(p, reader->data, count);
+        reader->data += count;
+    }
+}
+
+#if MPACK_READ_TRACKING
+#define MPACK_READER_TRACK(reader, error_expr) \
+    (((reader)->error == mpack_ok) ? mpack_reader_flag_if_error((reader), (error_expr)) : (reader)->error)
+#else
+#define MPACK_READER_TRACK(reader, error_expr) (MPACK_UNUSED(reader), mpack_ok)
+#endif
+
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_error_t mpack_reader_track_element(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+    return MPACK_READER_TRACK(reader, mpack_track_element(&reader->track, true));
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_error_t mpack_reader_track_peek_element(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+    return MPACK_READER_TRACK(reader, mpack_track_peek_element(&reader->track, true));
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_error_t mpack_reader_track_bytes(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint64_t count) {
+    MPACK_UNUSED(count);
+    return MPACK_READER_TRACK(reader, mpack_track_bytes(&reader->track, true, count));
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_error_t mpack_reader_track_str_bytes_all(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint64_t count) {
+    MPACK_UNUSED(count);
+    return MPACK_READER_TRACK(reader, mpack_track_str_bytes_all(&reader->track, true, count));
+}
+
+#endif
+
+
+
+#endif
+
+MPACK_HEADER_END
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* mpack/mpack-expect.h.h */
+
+/**
+ * @file
+ *
+ * Declares the MPack static Expect API.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_EXPECT_H
+#define MPACK_EXPECT_H 1
+
+/* #include "mpack-reader.h" */
+
+MPACK_HEADER_START
+
+#if MPACK_EXPECT
+
+#if !MPACK_READER
+#error "MPACK_EXPECT requires MPACK_READER."
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup expect Expect API
+ *
+ * The MPack Expect API allows you to easily read MessagePack data when you
+ * expect it to follow a predefined schema.
+ *
+ * @note If you are not writing code for an embedded device (or otherwise do
+ * not need maximum performance with minimal memory usage), you should not use
+ * this. You probably want to use the @link node Node API@endlink instead.
+ *
+ * See @ref docs/expect.md for examples.
+ *
+ * The main purpose of the Expect API is convenience, so the API is lax. It
+ * automatically converts between similar types where there is no loss of
+ * precision.
+ *
+ * When using any of the expect functions, if the type or value of what was
+ * read does not match what is expected, @ref mpack_error_type is raised.
+ *
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Basic Number Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Reads an 8-bit unsigned integer.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+uint8_t mpack_expect_u8(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 16-bit unsigned integer.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+uint16_t mpack_expect_u16(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 32-bit unsigned integer.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_expect_u32(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 64-bit unsigned integer.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+uint64_t mpack_expect_u64(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads an 8-bit signed integer.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+int8_t mpack_expect_i8(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 16-bit signed integer.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+int16_t mpack_expect_i16(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 32-bit signed integer.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+int32_t mpack_expect_i32(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 64-bit signed integer.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+int64_t mpack_expect_i64(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a number, returning the value as a float. The underlying value can be an
+ * integer, float or double; the value is converted to a float.
+ *
+ * @note Reading a double or a large integer with this function can incur a
+ * loss of precision.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer.
+ */
+float mpack_expect_float(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a number, returning the value as a double. The underlying value can be an
+ * integer, float or double; the value is converted to a double.
+ *
+ * @note Reading a very large integer with this function can incur a
+ * loss of precision.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer.
+ */
+double mpack_expect_double(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a float. The underlying value must be a float, not a double or an integer.
+ * This ensures no loss of precision can occur.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float.
+ */
+float mpack_expect_float_strict(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a double. The underlying value must be a float or double, not an integer.
+ * This ensures no loss of precision can occur.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float or double.
+ */
+double mpack_expect_double_strict(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Ranged Number Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Reads an 8-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+uint8_t mpack_expect_u8_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint8_t min_value, uint8_t max_value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 16-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+uint16_t mpack_expect_u16_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint16_t min_value, uint16_t max_value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 32-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_expect_u32_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t min_value, uint32_t max_value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 64-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+uint64_t mpack_expect_u64_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint64_t min_value, uint64_t max_value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads an unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in an unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE unsigned int mpack_expect_uint_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, unsigned int min_value, unsigned int max_value) {
+    // This should be true at compile-time, so this just wraps the 32-bit
+    // function. We fallback to 64-bit if for some reason sizeof(int) isn't 4.
+    if (sizeof(unsigned int) == 4)
+        return (unsigned int)mpack_expect_u32_range(reader, (uint32_t)min_value, (uint32_t)max_value);
+    return (unsigned int)mpack_expect_u64_range(reader, min_value, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads an 8-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint8_t mpack_expect_u8_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint8_t max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_u8_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 16-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint16_t mpack_expect_u16_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint16_t max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_u16_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 32-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_expect_u32_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_u32_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 64-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint64_t mpack_expect_u64_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint64_t max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_u64_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads an unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in an unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE unsigned int mpack_expect_uint_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, unsigned int max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_uint_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads an 8-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+int8_t mpack_expect_i8_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, int8_t min_value, int8_t max_value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 16-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+int16_t mpack_expect_i16_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, int16_t min_value, int16_t max_value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 32-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+int32_t mpack_expect_i32_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, int32_t min_value, int32_t max_value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 64-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+int64_t mpack_expect_i64_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, int64_t min_value, int64_t max_value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns min_value if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE int mpack_expect_int_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, int min_value, int max_value) {
+    // This should be true at compile-time, so this just wraps the 32-bit
+    // function. We fallback to 64-bit if for some reason sizeof(int) isn't 4.
+    if (sizeof(int) == 4)
+        return (int)mpack_expect_i32_range(reader, (int32_t)min_value, (int32_t)max_value);
+    return (int)mpack_expect_i64_range(reader, min_value, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads an 8-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at
+ * most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE int8_t mpack_expect_i8_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, int8_t max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_i8_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 16-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at
+ * most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE int16_t mpack_expect_i16_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, int16_t max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_i16_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 32-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at
+ * most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE int32_t mpack_expect_i32_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, int32_t max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_i32_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a 64-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at
+ * most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE int64_t mpack_expect_i64_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, int64_t max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_i64_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads an int, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most @a max_value.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE int mpack_expect_int_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, int max_value) {
+    return mpack_expect_int_range(reader, 0, max_value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a number, ensuring that it falls within the given range and returning
+ * the value as a float. The underlying value can be an integer, float or
+ * double; the value is converted to a float.
+ *
+ * @note Reading a double or a large integer with this function can incur a
+ * loss of precision.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer.
+ */
+float mpack_expect_float_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, float min_value, float max_value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a number, ensuring that it falls within the given range and returning
+ * the value as a double. The underlying value can be an integer, float or
+ * double; the value is converted to a double.
+ *
+ * @note Reading a very large integer with this function can incur a
+ * loss of precision.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer.
+ */
+double mpack_expect_double_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, double min_value, double max_value);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+
+
+// These are additional Basic Number functions that wrap inline range functions.
+
+/**
+ * @name Basic Number Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Reads an unsigned int.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in an unsigned int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE unsigned int mpack_expect_uint(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+
+    // This should be true at compile-time, so this just wraps the 32-bit function.
+    if (sizeof(unsigned int) == 4)
+        return (unsigned int)mpack_expect_u32(reader);
+
+    // Otherwise we wrap the max function to ensure it fits.
+    return (unsigned int)mpack_expect_u64_max(reader, UINT_MAX);
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a signed int.
+ *
+ * The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness,
+ * as long as the value can be represented in a signed int.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE int mpack_expect_int(mpack_reader_t* reader) {
+
+    // This should be true at compile-time, so this just wraps the 32-bit function.
+    if (sizeof(int) == 4)
+        return (int)mpack_expect_i32(reader);
+
+    // Otherwise we wrap the range function to ensure it fits.
+    return (int)mpack_expect_i64_range(reader, INT_MIN, INT_MAX);
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+
+
+/**
+ * @name Matching Number Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Reads an unsigned integer, ensuring that it exactly matches the given value.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not representable as an unsigned
+ * integer or if it does not exactly match the given value.
+ */
+void mpack_expect_uint_match(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint64_t value);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a signed integer, ensuring that it exactly matches the given value.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not representable as a signed
+ * integer or if it does not exactly match the given value.
+ */
+void mpack_expect_int_match(mpack_reader_t* reader, int64_t value);
+
+/**
+ * @name Other Basic Types
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Reads a nil, raising @ref mpack_error_type if the value is not nil.
+ */
+void mpack_expect_nil(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a boolean.
+ *
+ * @note Integers will raise mpack_error_type; the value must be strictly a boolean.
+ */
+bool mpack_expect_bool(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a boolean, raising @ref mpack_error_type if its value is not @c true.
+ */
+void mpack_expect_true(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a boolean, raising @ref mpack_error_type if its value is not @c false.
+ */
+void mpack_expect_false(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Extension Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Reads a timestamp.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+mpack_timestamp_t mpack_expect_timestamp(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a timestamp in seconds, truncating the nanoseconds (if any).
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+int64_t mpack_expect_timestamp_truncate(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Compound Types
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a map, returning its element count.
+ *
+ * A number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map,
+ * alternating between keys and values. @ref mpack_done_map() must be called
+ * once all elements have been read.
+ *
+ * @note Maps in JSON are unordered, so it is recommended not to expect
+ * a specific ordering for your map values in case your data is converted
+ * to/from JSON.
+ *
+ * @warning This call is dangerous! It does not have a size limit, and it
+ * does not have any way of checking whether there is enough data in the
+ * message (since the data could be coming from a stream.) When looping
+ * through the map's contents, you must check for errors on each iteration
+ * of the loop. Otherwise an attacker could craft a message declaring a map
+ * of a billion elements which would throw your parsing code into an
+ * infinite loop! You should strongly consider using mpack_expect_map_max()
+ * with a safe maximum size instead.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not a map.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_expect_map(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a map with a number of elements in the given range, returning
+ * its element count.
+ *
+ * A number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map,
+ * alternating between keys and values. @ref mpack_done_map() must be called
+ * once all elements have been read.
+ *
+ * @note Maps in JSON are unordered, so it is recommended not to expect
+ * a specific ordering for your map values in case your data is converted
+ * to/from JSON.
+ *
+ * min_count is returned if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not a map or if its size does
+ * not fall within the given range.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_expect_map_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t min_count, uint32_t max_count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a map with a number of elements at most @a max_count,
+ * returning its element count.
+ *
+ * A number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map,
+ * alternating between keys and values. @ref mpack_done_map() must be called
+ * once all elements have been read.
+ *
+ * @note Maps in JSON are unordered, so it is recommended not to expect
+ * a specific ordering for your map values in case your data is converted
+ * to/from JSON.
+ *
+ * Zero is returned if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not a map or if its size is
+ * greater than max_count.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_expect_map_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t max_count) {
+    return mpack_expect_map_range(reader, 0, max_count);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a map of the exact size given.
+ *
+ * A number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map,
+ * alternating between keys and values. @ref mpack_done_map() must be called
+ * once all elements have been read.
+ *
+ * @note Maps in JSON are unordered, so it is recommended not to expect
+ * a specific ordering for your map values in case your data is converted
+ * to/from JSON.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not a map or if its size
+ * does not match the given count.
+ */
+void mpack_expect_map_match(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a nil node or the start of a map, returning whether a map was
+ * read and placing its number of key/value pairs in count.
+ *
+ * If a map was read, a number of values follow equal to twice the element count
+ * of the map, alternating between keys and values. @ref mpack_done_map() should
+ * also be called once all elements have been read (only if a map was read.)
+ *
+ * @note Maps in JSON are unordered, so it is recommended not to expect
+ * a specific ordering for your map values in case your data is converted
+ * to/from JSON.
+ *
+ * @warning This call is dangerous! It does not have a size limit, and it
+ * does not have any way of checking whether there is enough data in the
+ * message (since the data could be coming from a stream.) When looping
+ * through the map's contents, you must check for errors on each iteration
+ * of the loop. Otherwise an attacker could craft a message declaring a map
+ * of a billion elements which would throw your parsing code into an
+ * infinite loop! You should strongly consider using mpack_expect_map_max_or_nil()
+ * with a safe maximum size instead.
+ *
+ * @returns @c true if a map was read successfully; @c false if nil was read
+ *     or an error occured.
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not a nil or map.
+ */
+bool mpack_expect_map_or_nil(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t* count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a nil node or the start of a map with a number of elements at most
+ * max_count, returning whether a map was read and placing its number of
+ * key/value pairs in count.
+ *
+ * If a map was read, a number of values follow equal to twice the element count
+ * of the map, alternating between keys and values. @ref mpack_done_map() should
+ * anlso be called once all elements have been read (only if a map was read.)
+ *
+ * @note Maps in JSON are unordered, so it is recommended not to expect
+ * a specific ordering for your map values in case your data is converted
+ * to/from JSON. Consider using mpack_expect_key_cstr() or mpack_expect_key_uint()
+ * to switch on the key; see @ref docs/expect.md for examples.
+ *
+ * @returns @c true if a map was read successfully; @c false if nil was read
+ *     or an error occured.
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not a nil or map.
+ */
+bool mpack_expect_map_max_or_nil(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t max_count, uint32_t* count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of an array, returning its element count.
+ *
+ * A number of values follow equal to the element count of the array.
+ * @ref mpack_done_array() must be called once all elements have been read.
+ *
+ * @warning This call is dangerous! It does not have a size limit, and it
+ * does not have any way of checking whether there is enough data in the
+ * message (since the data could be coming from a stream.) When looping
+ * through the array's contents, you must check for errors on each iteration
+ * of the loop. Otherwise an attacker could craft a message declaring an array
+ * of a billion elements which would throw your parsing code into an
+ * infinite loop! You should strongly consider using mpack_expect_array_max()
+ * with a safe maximum size instead.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_expect_array(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of an array with a number of elements in the given range,
+ * returning its element count.
+ *
+ * A number of values follow equal to the element count of the array.
+ * @ref mpack_done_array() must be called once all elements have been read.
+ *
+ * min_count is returned if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not an array or if its size does
+ * not fall within the given range.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_expect_array_range(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t min_count, uint32_t max_count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of an array with a number of elements at most @a max_count,
+ * returning its element count.
+ *
+ * A number of values follow equal to the element count of the array.
+ * @ref mpack_done_array() must be called once all elements have been read.
+ *
+ * Zero is returned if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not an array or if its size is
+ * greater than max_count.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_expect_array_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t max_count) {
+    return mpack_expect_array_range(reader, 0, max_count);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of an array of the exact size given.
+ *
+ * A number of values follow equal to the element count of the array.
+ * @ref mpack_done_array() must be called once all elements have been read.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not an array or if its size does
+ * not match the given count.
+ */
+void mpack_expect_array_match(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a nil node or the start of an array, returning whether an array was
+ * read and placing its number of elements in count.
+ *
+ * If an array was read, a number of values follow equal to the element count
+ * of the array. @ref mpack_done_array() should also be called once all elements
+ * have been read (only if an array was read.)
+ *
+ * @warning This call is dangerous! It does not have a size limit, and it
+ * does not have any way of checking whether there is enough data in the
+ * message (since the data could be coming from a stream.) When looping
+ * through the array's contents, you must check for errors on each iteration
+ * of the loop. Otherwise an attacker could craft a message declaring an array
+ * of a billion elements which would throw your parsing code into an
+ * infinite loop! You should strongly consider using mpack_expect_array_max_or_nil()
+ * with a safe maximum size instead.
+ *
+ * @returns @c true if an array was read successfully; @c false if nil was read
+ *     or an error occured.
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not a nil or array.
+ */
+bool mpack_expect_array_or_nil(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t* count);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a nil node or the start of an array with a number of elements at most
+ * max_count, returning whether an array was read and placing its number of
+ * key/value pairs in count.
+ *
+ * If an array was read, a number of values follow equal to the element count
+ * of the array. @ref mpack_done_array() should also be called once all elements
+ * have been read (only if an array was read.)
+ *
+ * @returns @c true if an array was read successfully; @c false if nil was read
+ *     or an error occured.
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not a nil or array.
+ */
+bool mpack_expect_array_max_or_nil(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t max_count, uint32_t* count);
+
+#ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+/**
+ * @hideinitializer
+ *
+ * Reads the start of an array and allocates storage for it, placing its
+ * size in out_count. A number of objects follow equal to the element count
+ * of the array. You must call @ref mpack_done_array() when done (even
+ * if the element count is zero.)
+ *
+ * If an error occurs, NULL is returned and the reader is placed in an
+ * error state.
+ *
+ * If the count is zero, NULL is returned. This does not indicate error.
+ * You should not check the return value for NULL to check for errors; only
+ * check the reader's error state.
+ *
+ * The allocated array must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free()
+ * if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not an array or if its size is
+ * greater than max_count.
+ */
+#define mpack_expect_array_alloc(reader, Type, max_count, out_count) \
+    ((Type*)mpack_expect_array_alloc_impl(reader, sizeof(Type), max_count, out_count, false))
+
+/**
+ * @hideinitializer
+ *
+ * Reads a nil node or the start of an array and allocates storage for it,
+ * placing its size in out_count. A number of objects follow equal to the element
+ * count of the array if a non-empty array was read.
+ *
+ * If an error occurs, NULL is returned and the reader is placed in an
+ * error state.
+ *
+ * If a nil node was read, NULL is returned. If an empty array was read,
+ * mpack_done_array() is called automatically and NULL is returned. These
+ * do not indicate error. You should not check the return value for NULL
+ * to check for errors; only check the reader's error state.
+ *
+ * The allocated array must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free()
+ * if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
+ *
+ * @warning You must call @ref mpack_done_array() if and only if a non-zero
+ * element count is read. This function does not differentiate between nil
+ * and an empty array.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the value is not an array or if its size is
+ * greater than max_count.
+ */
+#define mpack_expect_array_or_nil_alloc(reader, Type, max_count, out_count) \
+    ((Type*)mpack_expect_array_alloc_impl(reader, sizeof(Type), max_count, out_count, true))
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/** @cond */
+#ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+void* mpack_expect_array_alloc_impl(mpack_reader_t* reader,
+        size_t element_size, uint32_t max_count, uint32_t* out_count, bool allow_nil);
+#endif
+/** @endcond */
+
+
+/**
+ * @name String Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a string, returning its size in bytes.
+ *
+ * The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes()
+ * or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). mpack_done_str() must be called
+ * once all bytes have been read.
+ *
+ * NUL bytes are allowed in the string, and no encoding checks are done.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a string.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_expect_str(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a string of at most the given size, writing it into the
+ * given buffer and returning its size in bytes.
+ *
+ * This does not add a null-terminator! Use mpack_expect_cstr() to
+ * add a null-terminator.
+ *
+ * NUL bytes are allowed in the string, and no encoding checks are done.
+ */
+size_t mpack_expect_str_buf(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* buf, size_t bufsize);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a string into the given buffer, ensuring it is a valid UTF-8 string
+ * and returning its size in bytes.
+ *
+ * This does not add a null-terminator! Use mpack_expect_utf8_cstr() to
+ * add a null-terminator.
+ *
+ * This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or
+ * WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed.
+ *
+ * NUL bytes are allowed in the string (as they are in UTF-8.)
+ *
+ * Raises mpack_error_too_big if there is not enough room for the string.
+ * Raises mpack_error_type if the value is not a string or is not a valid UTF-8 string.
+ */
+size_t mpack_expect_utf8(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* buf, size_t bufsize);
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a string, raising an error if its length is not
+ * at most the given number of bytes (not including any null-terminator.)
+ *
+ * The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes()
+ * or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). @ref mpack_done_str() must be called
+ * once all bytes have been read.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the value is not a string.
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big If the string's length in bytes is larger than the given maximum size.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_expect_str_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t maxsize) {
+    uint32_t length = mpack_expect_str(reader);
+    if (length > maxsize) {
+        mpack_reader_flag_error(reader, mpack_error_too_big);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return length;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a string, raising an error if its length is not
+ * exactly the given number of bytes (not including any null-terminator.)
+ *
+ * The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes()
+ * or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). @ref mpack_done_str() must be called
+ * once all bytes have been read.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a string or if its
+ * length does not match.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_expect_str_length(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t count) {
+    if (mpack_expect_str(reader) != count)
+        mpack_reader_flag_error(reader, mpack_error_type);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a string, ensuring it exactly matches the given string.
+ *
+ * Remember that maps are unordered in JSON. Don't use this for map keys
+ * unless the map has only a single key!
+ */
+void mpack_expect_str_match(mpack_reader_t* reader, const char* str, size_t length);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a string into the given buffer, ensures it has no null bytes,
+ * and adds a null-terminator at the end.
+ *
+ * Raises mpack_error_too_big if there is not enough room for the string and null-terminator.
+ * Raises mpack_error_type if the value is not a string or contains a null byte.
+ */
+void mpack_expect_cstr(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* buf, size_t size);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a string into the given buffer, ensures it is a valid UTF-8 string
+ * without NUL characters, and adds a null-terminator at the end.
+ *
+ * This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or
+ * WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed, but without the NUL character, since
+ * it cannot be represented in a null-terminated string.
+ *
+ * Raises mpack_error_too_big if there is not enough room for the string and null-terminator.
+ * Raises mpack_error_type if the value is not a string or is not a valid UTF-8 string.
+ */
+void mpack_expect_utf8_cstr(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* buf, size_t size);
+
+#ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+/**
+ * Reads a string with the given total maximum size (including space for a
+ * null-terminator), allocates storage for it, ensures it has no null-bytes,
+ * and adds a null-terminator at the end. You assume ownership of the
+ * returned pointer if reading succeeds.
+ *
+ * The allocated string must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free()
+ * if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big If the string plus null-terminator is larger than the given maxsize.
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the value is not a string or contains a null byte.
+ */
+char* mpack_expect_cstr_alloc(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t maxsize);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a string with the given total maximum size (including space for a
+ * null-terminator), allocates storage for it, ensures it is valid UTF-8
+ * with no null-bytes, and adds a null-terminator at the end. You assume
+ * ownership of the returned pointer if reading succeeds.
+ *
+ * The length in bytes of the string, not including the null-terminator,
+ * will be written to size.
+ *
+ * This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or
+ * WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed, but without the NUL character, since
+ * it cannot be represented in a null-terminated string.
+ *
+ * The allocated string must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free()
+ * if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
+ * if you want a null-terminator.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big If the string plus null-terminator is larger
+ *     than the given maxsize.
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the value is not a string or contains
+ *     invalid UTF-8 or a null byte.
+ */
+char* mpack_expect_utf8_cstr_alloc(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t maxsize);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Reads a string, ensuring it exactly matches the given null-terminated
+ * string.
+ *
+ * Remember that maps are unordered in JSON. Don't use this for map keys
+ * unless the map has only a single key!
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_expect_cstr_match(mpack_reader_t* reader, const char* cstr) {
+    mpack_assert(cstr != NULL, "cstr pointer is NULL");
+    mpack_expect_str_match(reader, cstr, mpack_strlen(cstr));
+}
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Binary Data
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a binary blob, returning its size in bytes.
+ *
+ * The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes()
+ * or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). @ref mpack_done_bin() must be called
+ * once all bytes have been read.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a binary blob.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_expect_bin(mpack_reader_t* reader);
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a binary blob, raising an error if its length is not
+ * at most the given number of bytes.
+ *
+ * The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes()
+ * or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). @ref mpack_done_bin() must be called
+ * once all bytes have been read.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a binary blob or if its
+ * length does not match.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_expect_bin_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t maxsize) {
+    uint32_t length = mpack_expect_bin(reader);
+    if (length > maxsize) {
+        mpack_reader_flag_error(reader, mpack_error_type);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return length;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of a binary blob, raising an error if its length is not
+ * exactly the given number of bytes.
+ *
+ * The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes()
+ * or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). @ref mpack_done_bin() must be called
+ * once all bytes have been read.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a binary blob or if its
+ * length does not match.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_expect_bin_size(mpack_reader_t* reader, uint32_t count) {
+    if (mpack_expect_bin(reader) != count)
+        mpack_reader_flag_error(reader, mpack_error_type);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads a binary blob into the given buffer, returning its size in bytes.
+ *
+ * For compatibility, this will accept if the underlying type is string or
+ * binary (since in MessagePack 1.0, strings and binary data were combined
+ * under the "raw" type which became string in 1.1.)
+ */
+size_t mpack_expect_bin_buf(mpack_reader_t* reader, char* buf, size_t size);
+
+/**
+ * Reads a binary blob with the given total maximum size, allocating storage for it.
+ */
+char* mpack_expect_bin_alloc(mpack_reader_t* reader, size_t maxsize, size_t* size);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Extension Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Reads the start of an extension blob, returning its size in bytes and
+ * placing the type into @p type.
+ *
+ * The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes()
+ * or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). @ref mpack_done_ext() must be called
+ * once all bytes have been read.
+ *
+ * @p type will be a user-defined type in the range [0,127] or a reserved type
+ * in the range [-128,-2].
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not an extension blob. The @p
+ * type value is zero if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * @note This cannot be used to match a timestamp. @ref mpack_error_type will
+ * be flagged if the value is a timestamp. Use mpack_expect_timestamp() or
+ * mpack_expect_timestamp_truncate() instead.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @warning Be careful when using reserved types. They may no longer be ext
+ * types in the future, and previously valid data containing reserved types may
+ * become invalid in the future.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_expect_ext(mpack_reader_t* reader, int8_t* type);
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of an extension blob, raising an error if its length is not
+ * at most the given number of bytes and placing the type into @p type.
+ *
+ * The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes()
+ * or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). @ref mpack_done_ext() must be called
+ * once all bytes have been read.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not an extension blob or if its
+ * length does not match. The @p type value is zero if an error is raised.
+ *
+ * @p type will be a user-defined type in the range [0,127] or a reserved type
+ * in the range [-128,-2].
+ *
+ * @note This cannot be used to match a timestamp. @ref mpack_error_type will
+ * be flagged if the value is a timestamp. Use mpack_expect_timestamp() or
+ * mpack_expect_timestamp_truncate() instead.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @warning Be careful when using reserved types. They may no longer be ext
+ * types in the future, and previously valid data containing reserved types may
+ * become invalid in the future.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_expect_ext()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE uint32_t mpack_expect_ext_max(mpack_reader_t* reader, int8_t* type, uint32_t maxsize) {
+    uint32_t length = mpack_expect_ext(reader, type);
+    if (length > maxsize) {
+        mpack_reader_flag_error(reader, mpack_error_type);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return length;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads the start of an extension blob, raising an error if its length is not
+ * exactly the given number of bytes and placing the type into @p type.
+ *
+ * The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes()
+ * or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). @ref mpack_done_ext() must be called
+ * once all bytes have been read.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not an extension blob or if its
+ * length does not match. The @p type value is zero if an error is raised.
+ *
+ * @p type will be a user-defined type in the range [0,127] or a reserved type
+ * in the range [-128,-2].
+ *
+ * @note This cannot be used to match a timestamp. @ref mpack_error_type will
+ * be flagged if the value is a timestamp. Use mpack_expect_timestamp() or
+ * mpack_expect_timestamp_truncate() instead.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @warning Be careful when using reserved types. They may no longer be ext
+ * types in the future, and previously valid data containing reserved types may
+ * become invalid in the future.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_expect_ext()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_expect_ext_size(mpack_reader_t* reader, int8_t* type, uint32_t count) {
+    if (mpack_expect_ext(reader, type) != count) {
+        *type = 0;
+        mpack_reader_flag_error(reader, mpack_error_type);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads an extension blob into the given buffer, returning its size in bytes
+ * and placing the type into @p type.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not an extension blob or if its
+ * length does not match. The @p type value is zero if an error is raised.
+ *
+ * @p type will be a user-defined type in the range [0,127] or a reserved type
+ * in the range [-128,-2].
+ *
+ * @note This cannot be used to match a timestamp. @ref mpack_error_type will
+ * be flagged if the value is a timestamp. Use mpack_expect_timestamp() or
+ * mpack_expect_timestamp_truncate() instead.
+ *
+ * @warning Be careful when using reserved types. They may no longer be ext
+ * types in the future, and previously valid data containing reserved types may
+ * become invalid in the future.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_expect_ext()
+ */
+size_t mpack_expect_ext_buf(mpack_reader_t* reader, int8_t* type, char* buf, size_t size);
+#endif
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS && defined(MPACK_MALLOC)
+/**
+ * Reads an extension blob with the given total maximum size, allocating
+ * storage for it, and placing the type into @p type.
+ *
+ * mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not an extension blob or if its
+ * length does not match. The @p type value is zero if an error is raised.
+ *
+ * @p type will be a user-defined type in the range [0,127] or a reserved type
+ * in the range [-128,-2].
+ *
+ * @note This cannot be used to match a timestamp. @ref mpack_error_type will
+ * be flagged if the value is a timestamp. Use mpack_expect_timestamp() or
+ * mpack_expect_timestamp_truncate() instead.
+ *
+ * @warning Be careful when using reserved types. They may no longer be ext
+ * types in the future, and previously valid data containing reserved types may
+ * become invalid in the future.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS and @ref MPACK_MALLOC.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_expect_ext()
+ */
+char* mpack_expect_ext_alloc(mpack_reader_t* reader, int8_t* type, size_t maxsize, size_t* size);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Special Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Reads a MessagePack object header (an MPack tag), expecting it to exactly
+ * match the given tag.
+ *
+ * If the type is compound (i.e. is a map, array, string, binary or
+ * extension type), additional reads are required to get the contained
+ * data, and the corresponding done function must be called when done.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the tag does not match
+ *
+ * @see mpack_read_bytes()
+ * @see mpack_done_array()
+ * @see mpack_done_map()
+ * @see mpack_done_str()
+ * @see mpack_done_bin()
+ * @see mpack_done_ext()
+ */
+void mpack_expect_tag(mpack_reader_t* reader, mpack_tag_t tag);
+
+/**
+ * Expects a string matching one of the strings in the given array,
+ * returning its array index.
+ *
+ * If the value does not match any of the given strings,
+ * @ref mpack_error_type is flagged. Use mpack_expect_enum_optional()
+ * if you want to allow other values than the given strings.
+ *
+ * If any error occurs or the reader is in an error state, @a count
+ * is returned.
+ *
+ * This can be used to quickly parse a string into an enum when the
+ * enum values range from 0 to @a count-1. If the last value in the
+ * enum is a special "count" value, it can be passed as the count,
+ * and the return value can be cast directly to the enum type.
+ *
+ * @code{.c}
+ * typedef enum           { APPLE ,  BANANA ,  ORANGE , COUNT} fruit_t;
+ * const char* fruits[] = {"apple", "banana", "orange"};
+ *
+ * fruit_t fruit = (fruit_t)mpack_expect_enum(reader, fruits, COUNT);
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * See @ref docs/expect.md for more examples.
+ *
+ * The maximum string length is the size of the buffer (strings are read in-place.)
+ *
+ * @param reader The reader
+ * @param strings An array of expected strings of length count
+ * @param count The number of strings
+ * @return The index of the matched string, or @a count in case of error
+ */
+size_t mpack_expect_enum(mpack_reader_t* reader, const char* strings[], size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Expects a string matching one of the strings in the given array
+ * returning its array index, or @a count if no strings match.
+ *
+ * If the value is not a string, or it does not match any of the
+ * given strings, @a count is returned and no error is flagged.
+ *
+ * If any error occurs or the reader is in an error state, @a count
+ * is returned.
+ *
+ * This can be used to quickly parse a string into an enum when the
+ * enum values range from 0 to @a count-1. If the last value in the
+ * enum is a special "count" value, it can be passed as the count,
+ * and the return value can be cast directly to the enum type.
+ *
+ * @code{.c}
+ * typedef enum           { APPLE ,  BANANA ,  ORANGE , COUNT} fruit_t;
+ * const char* fruits[] = {"apple", "banana", "orange"};
+ *
+ * fruit_t fruit = (fruit_t)mpack_expect_enum_optional(reader, fruits, COUNT);
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * See @ref docs/expect.md for more examples.
+ *
+ * The maximum string length is the size of the buffer (strings are read in-place.)
+ *
+ * @param reader The reader
+ * @param strings An array of expected strings of length count
+ * @param count The number of strings
+ *
+ * @return The index of the matched string, or @a count if it does not
+ * match or an error occurs
+ */
+size_t mpack_expect_enum_optional(mpack_reader_t* reader, const char* strings[], size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Expects an unsigned integer map key between 0 and count-1, marking it
+ * as found in the given bool array and returning it.
+ *
+ * This is a helper for switching among int keys in a map. It is
+ * typically used with an enum to define the key values. It should
+ * be called in the expression of a switch() statement. See @ref
+ * docs/expect.md for an example.
+ *
+ * The found array must be cleared before expecting the first key. If the
+ * flag for a given key is already set when found (i.e. the map contains a
+ * duplicate key), mpack_error_invalid is flagged.
+ *
+ * If the key is not a non-negative integer, or if the key is @a count or
+ * larger, @a count is returned and no error is flagged. If you want an error
+ * on unrecognized keys, flag an error in the default case in your switch;
+ * otherwise you must call mpack_discard() to discard its content.
+ *
+ * @param reader The reader
+ * @param found An array of bool flags of length count
+ * @param count The number of values in the found array, and one more than the
+ *              maximum allowed key
+ *
+ * @see @ref docs/expect.md
+ */
+size_t mpack_expect_key_uint(mpack_reader_t* reader, bool found[], size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Expects a string map key matching one of the strings in the given key list,
+ * marking it as found in the given bool array and returning its index.
+ *
+ * This is a helper for switching among string keys in a map. It is
+ * typically used with an enum with names matching the strings in the
+ * array to define the key indices. It should be called in the expression
+ * of a switch() statement. See @ref docs/expect.md for an example.
+ *
+ * The found array must be cleared before expecting the first key. If the
+ * flag for a given key is already set when found (i.e. the map contains a
+ * duplicate key), mpack_error_invalid is flagged.
+ *
+ * If the key is unrecognized, count is returned and no error is flagged. If
+ * you want an error on unrecognized keys, flag an error in the default case
+ * in your switch; otherwise you must call mpack_discard() to discard its content.
+ *
+ * The maximum key length is the size of the buffer (keys are read in-place.)
+ *
+ * @param reader The reader
+ * @param keys An array of expected string keys of length count
+ * @param found An array of bool flags of length count
+ * @param count The number of values in the keys and found arrays
+ *
+ * @see @ref docs/expect.md
+ */
+size_t mpack_expect_key_cstr(mpack_reader_t* reader, const char* keys[],
+        bool found[], size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+#endif
+
+MPACK_HEADER_END
+
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* mpack/mpack-node.h.h */
+
+/**
+ * @file
+ *
+ * Declares the MPack dynamic Node API.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MPACK_NODE_H
+#define MPACK_NODE_H 1
+
+/* #include "mpack-reader.h" */
+
+MPACK_HEADER_START
+
+#if MPACK_NODE
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup node Node API
+ *
+ * The MPack Node API allows you to parse a chunk of MessagePack into a
+ * dynamically typed data structure, providing random access to the parsed
+ * data.
+ *
+ * See @ref docs/node.md for examples.
+ *
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A handle to node data in a parsed MPack tree.
+ *
+ * Nodes represent either primitive values or compound types. If a
+ * node is a compound type, it contains a pointer to its child nodes,
+ * or a pointer to its underlying data.
+ *
+ * Nodes are immutable.
+ *
+ * @note @ref mpack_node_t is an opaque reference to the node data, not the
+ * node data itself. (It contains pointers to both the node data and the tree.)
+ * It is passed by value in the Node API.
+ */
+typedef struct mpack_node_t mpack_node_t;
+
+/**
+ * The storage for nodes in an MPack tree.
+ *
+ * You only need to use this if you intend to provide your own storage
+ * for nodes instead of letting the tree allocate it.
+ *
+ * @ref mpack_node_data_t is 16 bytes on most common architectures (32-bit
+ * and 64-bit.)
+ */
+typedef struct mpack_node_data_t mpack_node_data_t;
+
+/**
+ * An MPack tree parser to parse a blob or stream of MessagePack.
+ *
+ * When a message is parsed, the tree contains a single root node which
+ * contains all parsed data. The tree and its nodes are immutable.
+ */
+typedef struct mpack_tree_t mpack_tree_t;
+
+/**
+ * An error handler function to be called when an error is flagged on
+ * the tree.
+ *
+ * The error handler will only be called once on the first error flagged;
+ * any subsequent node reads and errors are ignored, and the tree is
+ * permanently in that error state.
+ *
+ * MPack is safe against non-local jumps out of error handler callbacks.
+ * This means you are allowed to longjmp or throw an exception (in C++,
+ * Objective-C, or with SEH) out of this callback.
+ *
+ * Bear in mind when using longjmp that local non-volatile variables that
+ * have changed are undefined when setjmp() returns, so you can't put the
+ * tree on the stack in the same activation frame as the setjmp without
+ * declaring it volatile.
+ *
+ * You must still eventually destroy the tree. It is not destroyed
+ * automatically when an error is flagged. It is safe to destroy the
+ * tree within this error callback, but you will either need to perform
+ * a non-local jump, or store something in your context to identify
+ * that the tree is destroyed since any future accesses to it cause
+ * undefined behavior.
+ */
+typedef void (*mpack_tree_error_t)(mpack_tree_t* tree, mpack_error_t error);
+
+/**
+ * The MPack tree's read function. It should fill the buffer with as many bytes
+ * as are immediately available up to the given @c count, returning the number
+ * of bytes written to the buffer.
+ *
+ * In case of error, it should flag an appropriate error on the reader
+ * (usually @ref mpack_error_io.)
+ *
+ * The blocking or non-blocking behaviour of the read should match whether you
+ * are using mpack_tree_parse() or mpack_tree_try_parse().
+ *
+ * If you are using mpack_tree_parse(), the read should block until at least
+ * one byte is read. If you return 0, mpack_tree_parse() will raise @ref
+ * mpack_error_io.
+ *
+ * If you are using mpack_tree_try_parse(), the read function can always
+ * return 0, and must never block waiting for data (otherwise
+ * mpack_tree_try_parse() would be equivalent to mpack_tree_parse().)
+ * When you return 0, mpack_tree_try_parse() will return false without flagging
+ * an error.
+ */
+typedef size_t (*mpack_tree_read_t)(mpack_tree_t* tree, char* buffer, size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * A teardown function to be called when the tree is destroyed.
+ */
+typedef void (*mpack_tree_teardown_t)(mpack_tree_t* tree);
+
+
+
+/* Hide internals from documentation */
+/** @cond */
+
+struct mpack_node_t {
+    mpack_node_data_t* data;
+    mpack_tree_t* tree;
+};
+
+struct mpack_node_data_t {
+    mpack_type_t type;
+
+    /*
+     * The element count if the type is an array;
+     * the number of key/value pairs if the type is map;
+     * or the number of bytes if the type is str, bin or ext.
+     */
+    uint32_t len;
+
+    union
+    {
+        bool     b; /* The value if the type is bool. */
+        float    f; /* The value if the type is float. */
+        double   d; /* The value if the type is double. */
+        int64_t  i; /* The value if the type is signed int. */
+        uint64_t u; /* The value if the type is unsigned int. */
+        size_t offset; /* The byte offset for str, bin and ext */
+        mpack_node_data_t* children; /* The children for map or array */
+    } value;
+};
+
+typedef struct mpack_tree_page_t {
+    struct mpack_tree_page_t* next;
+    mpack_node_data_t nodes[1]; // variable size
+} mpack_tree_page_t;
+
+typedef enum mpack_tree_parse_state_t {
+    mpack_tree_parse_state_not_started,
+    mpack_tree_parse_state_in_progress,
+    mpack_tree_parse_state_parsed,
+} mpack_tree_parse_state_t;
+
+typedef struct mpack_level_t {
+    mpack_node_data_t* child;
+    size_t left; // children left in level
+} mpack_level_t;
+
+typedef struct mpack_tree_parser_t {
+    mpack_tree_parse_state_t state;
+
+    // We keep track of the number of "possible nodes" left in the data rather
+    // than the number of bytes.
+    //
+    // When a map or array is parsed, we ensure at least one byte for each child
+    // exists and subtract them right away. This ensures that if ever a map or
+    // array declares more elements than could possibly be contained in the data,
+    // we will error out immediately rather than allocating storage for them.
+    //
+    // For example malicious data that repeats 0xDE 0xFF 0xFF (start of a map
+    // with 65536 key-value pairs) would otherwise cause us to run out of
+    // memory. With this, the parser can allocate at most as many nodes as
+    // there are bytes in the data (plus the paging overhead, 12%.) An error
+    // will be flagged immediately if and when there isn't enough data left to
+    // fully read all children of all open compound types on the parsing stack.
+    //
+    // Once an entire message has been parsed (and there are no nodes left to
+    // parse whose bytes have been subtracted), this matches the number of left
+    // over bytes in the data.
+    size_t possible_nodes_left;
+
+    mpack_node_data_t* nodes; // next node in current page/pool
+    size_t nodes_left; // nodes left in current page/pool
+
+    size_t current_node_reserved;
+    size_t level;
+
+    #ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+    // It's much faster to allocate the initial parsing stack inline within the
+    // parser. We replace it with a heap allocation if we need to grow it.
+    mpack_level_t* stack;
+    size_t stack_capacity;
+    bool stack_owned;
+    mpack_level_t stack_local[MPACK_NODE_INITIAL_DEPTH];
+    #else
+    // Without malloc(), we have to reserve a parsing stack the maximum allowed
+    // parsing depth.
+    mpack_level_t stack[MPACK_NODE_MAX_DEPTH_WITHOUT_MALLOC];
+    #endif
+} mpack_tree_parser_t;
+
+struct mpack_tree_t {
+    mpack_tree_error_t error_fn;    /* Function to call on error */
+    mpack_tree_read_t read_fn;      /* Function to call to read more data */
+    mpack_tree_teardown_t teardown; /* Function to teardown the context on destroy */
+    void* context;                  /* Context for tree callbacks */
+
+    mpack_node_data_t nil_node;     /* a nil node to be returned in case of error */
+    mpack_node_data_t missing_node; /* a missing node to be returned in optional lookups */
+    mpack_error_t error;
+
+    #ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+    char* buffer;
+    size_t buffer_capacity;
+    #endif
+
+    const char* data;
+    size_t data_length; // length of data (and content of buffer, if used)
+
+    size_t size; // size in bytes of tree (usually matches data_length, but not if tree has trailing data)
+    size_t node_count; // total number of nodes in tree (across all pages)
+
+    size_t max_size;  // maximum message size
+    size_t max_nodes; // maximum nodes in a message
+
+    mpack_tree_parser_t parser;
+    mpack_node_data_t* root;
+
+    mpack_node_data_t* pool; // pool, or NULL if no pool provided
+    size_t pool_count;
+
+    #ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+    mpack_tree_page_t* next;
+    #endif
+};
+
+// internal functions
+
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_node_t mpack_node(mpack_tree_t* tree, mpack_node_data_t* data) {
+    mpack_node_t node;
+    node.data = data;
+    node.tree = tree;
+    return node;
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_node_data_t* mpack_node_child(mpack_node_t node, size_t child) {
+    return node.data->value.children + child;
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_node_t mpack_tree_nil_node(mpack_tree_t* tree) {
+    return mpack_node(tree, &tree->nil_node);
+}
+
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_node_t mpack_tree_missing_node(mpack_tree_t* tree) {
+    return mpack_node(tree, &tree->missing_node);
+}
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+
+
+/**
+ * @name Tree Initialization
+ * @{
+ */
+
+#ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+/**
+ * Initializes a tree parser with the given data.
+ *
+ * Configure the tree if desired, then call mpack_tree_parse() to parse it. The
+ * tree will allocate pages of nodes as needed and will free them when
+ * destroyed.
+ *
+ * The tree must be destroyed with mpack_tree_destroy().
+ *
+ * Any string or blob data types reference the original data, so the given data
+ * pointer must remain valid until after the tree is destroyed.
+ */
+void mpack_tree_init_data(mpack_tree_t* tree, const char* data, size_t length);
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated.
+ *
+ * \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tree_init_data().
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_tree_init(mpack_tree_t* tree, const char* data, size_t length) {
+    mpack_tree_init_data(tree, data, length);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initializes a tree parser from an unbounded stream, or a stream of
+ * unknown length.
+ *
+ * The parser can be used to read a single message from a stream of unknown
+ * length, or multiple messages from an unbounded stream, allowing it to
+ * be used for RPC communication. Call @ref mpack_tree_parse() to parse
+ * a message from a blocking stream, or @ref mpack_tree_try_parse() for a
+ * non-blocking stream.
+ *
+ * The stream will use a growable internal buffer to store the most recent
+ * message, as well as allocated pages of nodes for the parse tree.
+ *
+ * Maximum allowances for message size and node count must be specified in this
+ * function (since the stream is unbounded.) They can be changed later with
+ * @ref mpack_tree_set_limits().
+ *
+ * @param tree The tree parser
+ * @param read_fn The read function
+ * @param context The context for the read function
+ * @param max_message_size The maximum size of a message in bytes
+ * @param max_message_nodes The maximum number of nodes per message. See
+ *        @ref mpack_node_data_t for the size of nodes.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_tree_read_t
+ * @see mpack_reader_context()
+ */
+void mpack_tree_init_stream(mpack_tree_t* tree, mpack_tree_read_t read_fn, void* context,
+        size_t max_message_size, size_t max_message_nodes);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Initializes a tree parser with the given data, using the given node data
+ * pool to store the results.
+ *
+ * Configure the tree if desired, then call mpack_tree_parse() to parse it.
+ *
+ * If the data does not fit in the pool, @ref mpack_error_too_big will be flagged
+ * on the tree.
+ *
+ * The tree must be destroyed with mpack_tree_destroy(), even if parsing fails.
+ */
+void mpack_tree_init_pool(mpack_tree_t* tree, const char* data, size_t length,
+        mpack_node_data_t* node_pool, size_t node_pool_count);
+
+/**
+ * Initializes an MPack tree directly into an error state. Use this if you
+ * are writing a wrapper to another <tt>mpack_tree_init*()</tt> function which
+ * can fail its setup.
+ */
+void mpack_tree_init_error(mpack_tree_t* tree, mpack_error_t error);
+
+#if MPACK_STDIO
+/**
+ * Initializes a tree to parse the given file. The tree must be destroyed with
+ * mpack_tree_destroy(), even if parsing fails.
+ *
+ * The file is opened, loaded fully into memory, and closed before this call
+ * returns.
+ *
+ * @param tree The tree to initialize
+ * @param filename The filename passed to fopen() to read the file
+ * @param max_bytes The maximum size of file to load, or 0 for unlimited size.
+ */
+void mpack_tree_init_filename(mpack_tree_t* tree, const char* filename, size_t max_bytes);
+
+/**
+ * Deprecated.
+ *
+ * \deprecated Renamed to mpack_tree_init_filename().
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_tree_init_file(mpack_tree_t* tree, const char* filename, size_t max_bytes) {
+    mpack_tree_init_filename(tree, filename, max_bytes);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initializes a tree to parse the given libc FILE. This can be used to
+ * read from stdin, or from a file opened separately.
+ *
+ * The tree must be destroyed with mpack_tree_destroy(), even if parsing fails.
+ *
+ * The FILE is fully loaded fully into memory (and closed if requested) before
+ * this call returns.
+ *
+ * @param tree The tree to initialize.
+ * @param stdfile The FILE.
+ * @param max_bytes The maximum size of file to load, or 0 for unlimited size.
+ * @param close_when_done If true, fclose() will be called on the FILE when it
+ *         is no longer needed. If false, the file will not be closed when
+ *         reading is done.
+ *
+ * @warning The tree will read all data in the FILE before parsing it. If this
+ *          is used on stdin, the parser will block until it is closed, even if
+ *          a complete message has been written to it!
+ */
+void mpack_tree_init_stdfile(mpack_tree_t* tree, FILE* stdfile, size_t max_bytes, bool close_when_done);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Tree Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Sets the maximum byte size and maximum number of nodes allowed per message.
+ *
+ * The default is SIZE_MAX (no limit) unless @ref mpack_tree_init_stream() is
+ * called (where maximums are required.)
+ *
+ * If a pool of nodes is used, the node limit is the lesser of this limit and
+ * the pool size.
+ *
+ * @param tree The tree parser
+ * @param max_message_size The maximum size of a message in bytes
+ * @param max_message_nodes The maximum number of nodes per message. See
+ *        @ref mpack_node_data_t for the size of nodes.
+ */
+void mpack_tree_set_limits(mpack_tree_t* tree, size_t max_message_size,
+        size_t max_message_nodes);
+
+/**
+ * Parses a MessagePack message into a tree of immutable nodes.
+ *
+ * If successful, the root node will be available under @ref mpack_tree_root().
+ * If not, an appropriate error will be flagged.
+ *
+ * This can be called repeatedly to parse a series of messages from a data
+ * source. When this is called, all previous nodes from this tree and their
+ * contents (including the root node) are invalidated.
+ *
+ * If this is called with a stream (see @ref mpack_tree_init_stream()), the
+ * stream must block until data is available. (Otherwise, if this is called on
+ * a non-blocking stream, parsing will fail with @ref mpack_error_io when the
+ * fill function returns 0.)
+ *
+ * There is no way to recover a tree in an error state. It must be destroyed.
+ */
+void mpack_tree_parse(mpack_tree_t* tree);
+
+/**
+ * Attempts to parse a MessagePack message from a non-blocking stream into a
+ * tree of immutable nodes.
+ *
+ * A non-blocking read function must have been passed to the tree in
+ * mpack_tree_init_stream().
+ *
+ * If this returns true, a message is available under
+ * @ref mpack_tree_root(). The tree nodes and data will be valid until
+ * the next time a parse is started.
+ *
+ * If this returns false, no message is available, because either not enough
+ * data is available yet or an error has occurred. You must check the tree for
+ * errors whenever this returns false. If there is no error, you should try
+ * again later when more data is available. (You will want to select()/poll()
+ * on the underlying socket or use some other asynchronous mechanism to
+ * determine when it has data.)
+ *
+ * There is no way to recover a tree in an error state. It must be destroyed.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_tree_init_stream()
+ */
+bool mpack_tree_try_parse(mpack_tree_t* tree);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the root node of the tree, if the tree is not in an error state.
+ * Returns a nil node otherwise.
+ *
+ * @warning You must call mpack_tree_parse() before calling this. If
+ * @ref mpack_tree_parse() was never called, the tree will assert.
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_tree_root(mpack_tree_t* tree);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the error state of the tree.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_error_t mpack_tree_error(mpack_tree_t* tree) {
+    return tree->error;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the size in bytes of the current parsed message.
+ *
+ * If there is something in the buffer after the MessagePack object, this can
+ * be used to find it.
+ *
+ * This is zero if an error occurred during tree parsing (since the
+ * portion of the data that the first complete object occupies cannot
+ * be determined if the data is invalid or corrupted.)
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE size_t mpack_tree_size(mpack_tree_t* tree) {
+    return tree->size;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroys the tree.
+ */
+mpack_error_t mpack_tree_destroy(mpack_tree_t* tree);
+
+/**
+ * Sets the custom pointer to pass to the tree callbacks, such as teardown.
+ *
+ * @param tree The MPack tree.
+ * @param context User data to pass to the tree callbacks.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_reader_context()
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_tree_set_context(mpack_tree_t* tree, void* context) {
+    tree->context = context;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the custom context for tree callbacks.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_tree_set_context
+ * @see mpack_tree_init_stream
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void* mpack_tree_context(mpack_tree_t* tree) {
+    return tree->context;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the error function to call when an error is flagged on the tree.
+ *
+ * This should normally be used with mpack_tree_set_context() to register
+ * a custom pointer to pass to the error function.
+ *
+ * See the definition of mpack_tree_error_t for more information about
+ * what you can do from an error callback.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_tree_error_t
+ * @param tree The MPack tree.
+ * @param error_fn The function to call when an error is flagged on the tree.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_tree_set_error_handler(mpack_tree_t* tree, mpack_tree_error_t error_fn) {
+    tree->error_fn = error_fn;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the teardown function to call when the tree is destroyed.
+ *
+ * This should normally be used with mpack_tree_set_context() to register
+ * a custom pointer to pass to the teardown function.
+ *
+ * @param tree The MPack tree.
+ * @param teardown The function to call when the tree is destroyed.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_tree_set_teardown(mpack_tree_t* tree, mpack_tree_teardown_t teardown) {
+    tree->teardown = teardown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Places the tree in the given error state, calling the error callback if one
+ * is set.
+ *
+ * This allows you to externally flag errors, for example if you are validating
+ * data as you read it.
+ *
+ * If the tree is already in an error state, this call is ignored and no
+ * error callback is called.
+ */
+void mpack_tree_flag_error(mpack_tree_t* tree, mpack_error_t error);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Node Core Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Places the node's tree in the given error state, calling the error callback
+ * if one is set.
+ *
+ * This allows you to externally flag errors, for example if you are validating
+ * data as you read it.
+ *
+ * If the tree is already in an error state, this call is ignored and no
+ * error callback is called.
+ */
+void mpack_node_flag_error(mpack_node_t node, mpack_error_t error);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the error state of the node's tree.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE mpack_error_t mpack_node_error(mpack_node_t node) {
+    return mpack_tree_error(node.tree);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a tag describing the given node, or a nil tag if the
+ * tree is in an error state.
+ */
+mpack_tag_t mpack_node_tag(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/** @cond */
+
+#if MPACK_DEBUG && MPACK_STDIO
+/*
+ * Converts a node to a pseudo-JSON string for debugging purposes, placing the
+ * result in the given buffer with a null-terminator.
+ *
+ * If the buffer does not have enough space, the result will be truncated (but
+ * it is guaranteed to be null-terminated.)
+ *
+ * This is only available in debug mode, and only if stdio is available (since
+ * it uses snprintf().) It's strictly for debugging purposes.
+ */
+void mpack_node_print_to_buffer(mpack_node_t node, char* buffer, size_t buffer_size);
+
+/*
+ * Converts a node to pseudo-JSON for debugging purposes, calling the given
+ * callback as many times as is necessary to output the character data.
+ *
+ * No null-terminator or trailing newline will be written.
+ *
+ * This is only available in debug mode, and only if stdio is available (since
+ * it uses snprintf().) It's strictly for debugging purposes.
+ */
+void mpack_node_print_to_callback(mpack_node_t node, mpack_print_callback_t callback, void* context);
+
+/*
+ * Converts a node to pseudo-JSON for debugging purposes
+ * and pretty-prints it to the given file.
+ *
+ * This is only available in debug mode, and only if stdio is available (since
+ * it uses snprintf().) It's strictly for debugging purposes.
+ */
+void mpack_node_print_to_file(mpack_node_t node, FILE* file);
+
+/*
+ * Converts a node to pseudo-JSON for debugging purposes
+ * and pretty-prints it to stdout.
+ *
+ * This is only available in debug mode, and only if stdio is available (since
+ * it uses snprintf().) It's strictly for debugging purposes.
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_node_print_to_stdout(mpack_node_t node) {
+    mpack_node_print_to_file(node, stdout);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Deprecated.
+ *
+ * \deprecated Renamed to mpack_node_print_to_stdout().
+ */
+MPACK_INLINE void mpack_node_print(mpack_node_t node) {
+    mpack_node_print_to_stdout(node);
+}
+#endif
+
+/** @endcond */
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Node Primitive Value Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Returns the type of the node.
+ */
+mpack_type_t mpack_node_type(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given node is a nil node; false otherwise.
+ *
+ * To ensure that a node is nil and flag an error otherwise, use
+ * mpack_node_nil().
+ */
+bool mpack_node_is_nil(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given node handle indicates a missing node; false otherwise.
+ *
+ * To ensure that a node is missing and flag an error otherwise, use
+ * mpack_node_missing().
+ */
+bool mpack_node_is_missing(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Checks that the given node is of nil type, raising @ref mpack_error_type
+ * otherwise.
+ *
+ * Use mpack_node_is_nil() to return whether the node is nil.
+ */
+void mpack_node_nil(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Checks that the given node indicates a missing node, raising @ref
+ * mpack_error_type otherwise.
+ *
+ * Use mpack_node_is_missing() to return whether the node is missing.
+ */
+void mpack_node_missing(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the bool value of the node. If this node is not of the correct
+ * type, false is returned and mpack_error_type is raised.
+ */
+bool mpack_node_bool(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the given node is of bool type with value true, raising
+ * mpack_error_type otherwise.
+ */
+void mpack_node_true(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the given node is of bool type with value false, raising
+ * mpack_error_type otherwise.
+ */
+void mpack_node_false(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the 8-bit unsigned value of the node. If this node is not
+ * of a compatible type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero is returned.
+ */
+uint8_t mpack_node_u8(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the 8-bit signed value of the node. If this node is not
+ * of a compatible type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero is returned.
+ */
+int8_t mpack_node_i8(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the 16-bit unsigned value of the node. If this node is not
+ * of a compatible type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero is returned.
+ */
+uint16_t mpack_node_u16(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the 16-bit signed value of the node. If this node is not
+ * of a compatible type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero is returned.
+ */
+int16_t mpack_node_i16(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the 32-bit unsigned value of the node. If this node is not
+ * of a compatible type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero is returned.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_node_u32(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the 32-bit signed value of the node. If this node is not
+ * of a compatible type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero is returned.
+ */
+int32_t mpack_node_i32(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the 64-bit unsigned value of the node. If this node is not
+ * of a compatible type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised, and zero is returned.
+ */
+uint64_t mpack_node_u64(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the 64-bit signed value of the node. If this node is not
+ * of a compatible type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero is returned.
+ */
+int64_t mpack_node_i64(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the unsigned int value of the node.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not an integer type or does not fit in the range of an unsigned int
+ */
+unsigned int mpack_node_uint(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the int value of the node.
+ *
+ * Returns zero if an error occurs.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not an integer type or does not fit in the range of an int
+ */
+int mpack_node_int(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the float value of the node. The underlying value can be an
+ * integer, float or double; the value is converted to a float.
+ *
+ * @note Reading a double or a large integer with this function can incur a
+ * loss of precision.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer.
+ */
+float mpack_node_float(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the double value of the node. The underlying value can be an
+ * integer, float or double; the value is converted to a double.
+ *
+ * @note Reading a very large integer with this function can incur a
+ * loss of precision.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer.
+ */
+double mpack_node_double(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the float value of the node. The underlying value must be a float,
+ * not a double or an integer. This ensures no loss of precision can occur.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float.
+ */
+float mpack_node_float_strict(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the double value of the node. The underlying value must be a float
+ * or double, not an integer. This ensures no loss of precision can occur.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a float or double.
+ */
+double mpack_node_double_strict(mpack_node_t node);
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Returns a timestamp.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a timestamp.
+ */
+mpack_timestamp_t mpack_node_timestamp(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns a timestamp's (signed) seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a timestamp.
+ */
+int64_t mpack_node_timestamp_seconds(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns a timestamp's additional nanoseconds.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ *
+ * @return A nanosecond count between 0 and 999,999,999 inclusive.
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the underlying value is not a timestamp.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_node_timestamp_nanoseconds(mpack_node_t node);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Node String and Data Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Checks that the given node contains a valid UTF-8 string.
+ *
+ * If the string is invalid, this flags an error, which would cause subsequent calls
+ * to mpack_node_str() to return NULL and mpack_node_strlen() to return zero. So you
+ * can check the node for error immediately after calling this, or you can call those
+ * functions to use the data anyway and check for errors later.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If this node is not a string or does not contain valid UTF-8.
+ *
+ * @param node The string node to test
+ *
+ * @see mpack_node_str()
+ * @see mpack_node_strlen()
+ */
+void mpack_node_check_utf8(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Checks that the given node contains a valid UTF-8 string with no NUL bytes.
+ *
+ * This does not check that the string has a null-terminator! It only checks whether
+ * the string could safely be represented as a C-string by appending a null-terminator.
+ * (If the string does already contain a null-terminator, this will flag an error.)
+ *
+ * This is performed automatically by other UTF-8 cstr helper functions. Only
+ * call this if you will do something else with the data directly, but you still
+ * want to ensure it will be valid as a UTF-8 C-string.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If this node is not a string, does not contain valid UTF-8,
+ *     or contains a NUL byte.
+ *
+ * @param node The string node to test
+ *
+ * @see mpack_node_str()
+ * @see mpack_node_strlen()
+ * @see mpack_node_copy_utf8_cstr()
+ * @see mpack_node_utf8_cstr_alloc()
+ */
+void mpack_node_check_utf8_cstr(mpack_node_t node);
+
+#if MPACK_EXTENSIONS
+/**
+ * Returns the extension type of the given ext node.
+ *
+ * This returns zero if the tree is in an error state.
+ *
+ * @note This requires @ref MPACK_EXTENSIONS.
+ */
+int8_t mpack_node_exttype(mpack_node_t node);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Returns the number of bytes in the given bin node.
+ *
+ * This returns zero if the tree is in an error state.
+ *
+ * If this node is not a bin, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero is returned.
+ */
+size_t mpack_node_bin_size(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the length of the given str, bin or ext node.
+ *
+ * This returns zero if the tree is in an error state.
+ *
+ * If this node is not a str, bin or map, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero
+ * is returned.
+ */
+uint32_t mpack_node_data_len(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the length in bytes of the given string node. This does not
+ * include any null-terminator.
+ *
+ * This returns zero if the tree is in an error state.
+ *
+ * If this node is not a str, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and zero is returned.
+ */
+size_t mpack_node_strlen(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns a pointer to the data contained by this node, ensuring the node is a
+ * string.
+ *
+ * @warning Strings are not null-terminated! Use one of the cstr functions
+ * to get a null-terminated string.
+ *
+ * The pointer is valid as long as the data backing the tree is valid.
+ *
+ * If this node is not a string, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and @c NULL is returned.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_node_copy_cstr()
+ * @see mpack_node_cstr_alloc()
+ * @see mpack_node_utf8_cstr_alloc()
+ */
+const char* mpack_node_str(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns a pointer to the data contained by this node.
+ *
+ * @note Strings are not null-terminated! Use one of the cstr functions
+ * to get a null-terminated string.
+ *
+ * The pointer is valid as long as the data backing the tree is valid.
+ *
+ * If this node is not of a str, bin or map, @ref mpack_error_type is raised, and
+ * @c NULL is returned.
+ *
+ * @see mpack_node_copy_cstr()
+ * @see mpack_node_cstr_alloc()
+ * @see mpack_node_utf8_cstr_alloc()
+ */
+const char* mpack_node_data(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns a pointer to the data contained by this bin node.
+ *
+ * The pointer is valid as long as the data backing the tree is valid.
+ *
+ * If this node is not a bin, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and @c NULL is
+ * returned.
+ */
+const char* mpack_node_bin_data(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Copies the bytes contained by this node into the given buffer, returning the
+ * number of bytes in the node.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If this node is not a str, bin or ext type
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big If the string does not fit in the given buffer
+ *
+ * @param node The string node from which to copy data
+ * @param buffer A buffer in which to copy the node's bytes
+ * @param bufsize The size of the given buffer
+ *
+ * @return The number of bytes in the node, or zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+size_t mpack_node_copy_data(mpack_node_t node, char* buffer, size_t bufsize);
+
+/**
+ * Checks that the given node contains a valid UTF-8 string and copies the
+ * string into the given buffer, returning the number of bytes in the string.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If this node is not a string
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big If the string does not fit in the given buffer
+ *
+ * @param node The string node from which to copy data
+ * @param buffer A buffer in which to copy the node's bytes
+ * @param bufsize The size of the given buffer
+ *
+ * @return The number of bytes in the node, or zero if an error occurs.
+ */
+size_t mpack_node_copy_utf8(mpack_node_t node, char* buffer, size_t bufsize);
+
+/**
+ * Checks that the given node contains a string with no NUL bytes, copies the string
+ * into the given buffer, and adds a null terminator.
+ *
+ * If this node is not of a string type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised. If the string
+ * does not fit, @ref mpack_error_data is raised.
+ *
+ * If any error occurs, the buffer will contain an empty null-terminated string.
+ *
+ * @param node The string node from which to copy data
+ * @param buffer A buffer in which to copy the node's string
+ * @param size The size of the given buffer
+ */
+void mpack_node_copy_cstr(mpack_node_t node, char* buffer, size_t size);
+
+/**
+ * Checks that the given node contains a valid UTF-8 string with no NUL bytes,
+ * copies the string into the given buffer, and adds a null terminator.
+ *
+ * If this node is not of a string type, @ref mpack_error_type is raised. If the string
+ * does not fit, @ref mpack_error_data is raised.
+ *
+ * If any error occurs, the buffer will contain an empty null-terminated string.
+ *
+ * @param node The string node from which to copy data
+ * @param buffer A buffer in which to copy the node's string
+ * @param size The size of the given buffer
+ */
+void mpack_node_copy_utf8_cstr(mpack_node_t node, char* buffer, size_t size);
+
+#ifdef MPACK_MALLOC
+/**
+ * Allocates a new chunk of data using MPACK_MALLOC() with the bytes
+ * contained by this node.
+ *
+ * The allocated data must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free()
+ * if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If this node is not a str, bin or ext type
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big If the size of the data is larger than the
+ *     given maximum size
+ * @throws mpack_error_memory If an allocation failure occurs
+ *
+ * @param node The node from which to allocate and copy data
+ * @param maxsize The maximum size to allocate
+ *
+ * @return The allocated data, or NULL if any error occurs.
+ */
+char* mpack_node_data_alloc(mpack_node_t node, size_t maxsize);
+
+/**
+ * Allocates a new null-terminated string using MPACK_MALLOC() with the string
+ * contained by this node.
+ *
+ * The allocated string must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free()
+ * if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If this node is not a string or contains NUL bytes
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big If the size of the string plus null-terminator
+ *     is larger than the given maximum size
+ * @throws mpack_error_memory If an allocation failure occurs
+ *
+ * @param node The node from which to allocate and copy string data
+ * @param maxsize The maximum size to allocate, including the null-terminator
+ *
+ * @return The allocated string, or NULL if any error occurs.
+ */
+char* mpack_node_cstr_alloc(mpack_node_t node, size_t maxsize);
+
+/**
+ * Allocates a new null-terminated string using MPACK_MALLOC() with the UTF-8
+ * string contained by this node.
+ *
+ * The allocated string must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free()
+ * if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If this node is not a string, is not valid UTF-8,
+ *     or contains NUL bytes
+ * @throws mpack_error_too_big If the size of the string plus null-terminator
+ *     is larger than the given maximum size
+ * @throws mpack_error_memory If an allocation failure occurs
+ *
+ * @param node The node from which to allocate and copy string data
+ * @param maxsize The maximum size to allocate, including the null-terminator
+ *
+ * @return The allocated string, or NULL if any error occurs.
+ */
+char* mpack_node_utf8_cstr_alloc(mpack_node_t node, size_t maxsize);
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Searches the given string array for a string matching the given
+ * node and returns its index.
+ *
+ * If the node does not match any of the given strings,
+ * @ref mpack_error_type is flagged. Use mpack_node_enum_optional()
+ * if you want to allow values other than the given strings.
+ *
+ * If any error occurs or if the tree is in an error state, @a count
+ * is returned.
+ *
+ * This can be used to quickly parse a string into an enum when the
+ * enum values range from 0 to @a count-1. If the last value in the
+ * enum is a special "count" value, it can be passed as the count,
+ * and the return value can be cast directly to the enum type.
+ *
+ * @code{.c}
+ * typedef enum           { APPLE ,  BANANA ,  ORANGE , COUNT} fruit_t;
+ * const char* fruits[] = {"apple", "banana", "orange"};
+ *
+ * fruit_t fruit = (fruit_t)mpack_node_enum(node, fruits, COUNT);
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @param node The node
+ * @param strings An array of expected strings of length count
+ * @param count The number of strings
+ * @return The index of the matched string, or @a count in case of error
+ */
+size_t mpack_node_enum(mpack_node_t node, const char* strings[], size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * Searches the given string array for a string matching the given node,
+ * returning its index or @a count if no strings match.
+ *
+ * If the value is not a string, or it does not match any of the
+ * given strings, @a count is returned and no error is flagged.
+ *
+ * If any error occurs or if the tree is in an error state, @a count
+ * is returned.
+ *
+ * This can be used to quickly parse a string into an enum when the
+ * enum values range from 0 to @a count-1. If the last value in the
+ * enum is a special "count" value, it can be passed as the count,
+ * and the return value can be cast directly to the enum type.
+ *
+ * @code{.c}
+ * typedef enum           { APPLE ,  BANANA ,  ORANGE , COUNT} fruit_t;
+ * const char* fruits[] = {"apple", "banana", "orange"};
+ *
+ * fruit_t fruit = (fruit_t)mpack_node_enum_optional(node, fruits, COUNT);
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @param node The node
+ * @param strings An array of expected strings of length count
+ * @param count The number of strings
+ * @return The index of the matched string, or @a count in case of error
+ */
+size_t mpack_node_enum_optional(mpack_node_t node, const char* strings[], size_t count);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @name Compound Node Functions
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Returns the length of the given array node. Raises mpack_error_type
+ * and returns 0 if the given node is not an array.
+ */
+size_t mpack_node_array_length(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the node in the given array at the given index. If the node
+ * is not an array, @ref mpack_error_type is raised and a nil node is returned.
+ * If the given index is out of bounds, @ref mpack_error_data is raised and
+ * a nil node is returned.
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_array_at(mpack_node_t node, size_t index);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the number of key/value pairs in the given map node. Raises
+ * mpack_error_type and returns 0 if the given node is not a map.
+ */
+size_t mpack_node_map_count(mpack_node_t node);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the key node in the given map at the given index.
+ *
+ * A nil node is returned in case of error.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data if the given index is out of bounds
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_key_at(mpack_node_t node, size_t index);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value node in the given map at the given index.
+ *
+ * A nil node is returned in case of error.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type if the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data if the given index is out of bounds
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_value_at(mpack_node_t node, size_t index);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value node in the given map for the given integer key.
+ *
+ * The key must exist within the map. Use mpack_node_map_int_optional() to
+ * check for optional keys.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node does not contain exactly one entry with the given key
+ *
+ * @return The value node for the given key, or a nil node in case of error
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_int(mpack_node_t node, int64_t num);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value node in the given map for the given integer key, or a
+ * missing node if the map does not contain the given key.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node contains more than one entry with the given key
+ *
+ * @return The value node for the given key, or a missing node if the key does
+ *         not exist, or a nil node in case of error
+ *
+ * @see mpack_node_is_missing()
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_int_optional(mpack_node_t node, int64_t num);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value node in the given map for the given unsigned integer key.
+ *
+ * The key must exist within the map. Use mpack_node_map_uint_optional() to
+ * check for optional keys.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node does not contain exactly one entry with the given key
+ *
+ * @return The value node for the given key, or a nil node in case of error
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_uint(mpack_node_t node, uint64_t num);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value node in the given map for the given unsigned integer
+ * key, or a nil node if the map does not contain the given key.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node contains more than one entry with the given key
+ *
+ * @return The value node for the given key, or a missing node if the key does
+ *         not exist, or a nil node in case of error
+ *
+ * @see mpack_node_is_missing()
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_uint_optional(mpack_node_t node, uint64_t num);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value node in the given map for the given string key.
+ *
+ * The key must exist within the map. Use mpack_node_map_str_optional() to
+ * check for optional keys.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node does not contain exactly one entry with the given key
+ *
+ * @return The value node for the given key, or a nil node in case of error
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_str(mpack_node_t node, const char* str, size_t length);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value node in the given map for the given string key, or a nil
+ * node if the map does not contain the given key.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node contains more than one entry with the given key
+ *
+ * @return The value node for the given key, or a missing node if the key does
+ *         not exist, or a nil node in case of error
+ *
+ * @see mpack_node_is_missing()
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_str_optional(mpack_node_t node, const char* str, size_t length);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value node in the given map for the given null-terminated
+ * string key.
+ *
+ * The key must exist within the map. Use mpack_node_map_cstr_optional() to
+ * check for optional keys.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node does not contain exactly one entry with the given key
+ *
+ * @return The value node for the given key, or a nil node in case of error
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_cstr(mpack_node_t node, const char* cstr);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value node in the given map for the given null-terminated
+ * string key, or a nil node if the map does not contain the given key.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node contains more than one entry with the given key
+ *
+ * @return The value node for the given key, or a missing node if the key does
+ *         not exist, or a nil node in case of error
+ *
+ * @see mpack_node_is_missing()
+ */
+mpack_node_t mpack_node_map_cstr_optional(mpack_node_t node, const char* cstr);
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given node map contains exactly one entry with the
+ * given integer key.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node contains more than one entry with the given key
+ */
+bool mpack_node_map_contains_int(mpack_node_t node, int64_t num);
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given node map contains exactly one entry with the
+ * given unsigned integer key.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node contains more than one entry with the given key
+ */
+bool mpack_node_map_contains_uint(mpack_node_t node, uint64_t num);
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given node map contains exactly one entry with the
+ * given string key.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node contains more than one entry with the given key
+ */
+bool mpack_node_map_contains_str(mpack_node_t node, const char* str, size_t length);
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given node map contains exactly one entry with the
+ * given null-terminated string key.
+ *
+ * The key must be unique. An error is flagged if the node has multiple
+ * entries with the given key.
+ *
+ * @throws mpack_error_type If the node is not a map
+ * @throws mpack_error_data If the node contains more than one entry with the given key
+ */
+bool mpack_node_map_contains_cstr(mpack_node_t node, const char* cstr);
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @}
+ */
+
+#endif
+
+MPACK_HEADER_END
+
+#endif
+
+
+#endif
+